Business Essay

Convenience Internet marketing enables you to be open for business around the clock without worrying about store opening hours or overtime payments for staff. Offering your products on the Internet is also convenient for customers. They can browse your online store at any time and place orders when it is convenient for them. Reach By marketing on the Internet, you can overcome barriers of distance. You can sell goods in any part of the country without setting up local outlets, widening your target market. You can also build an export business without opening a network of distributors in different countries. However, if you want to sell internationally, you should use localization services to ensure that your products are suitable for local markets and comply with local business regulations. Localization services include translation and product modification to reflect local market differences. Cost Marketing products on the Internet costs less than marketing them through a physical retail outlet. You do not have the recurring costs of property rental and maintenance. You do not have to purchase stock for display in a store. You can order stock in line with demand, keeping your inventory costs low. Personalization Internet marketing enables you to personalize offers to customers by building a profile of their purchasing history and preferences. By tracking the web pages and product information that prospects visit, you can make targeted offers that reflect their interests. The information available from tracking website visits also provides data for planning cross-selling campaigns so that you can increase the value of sales by customer. Relationships The Internet provides an important platform for building relationships with customers and increasing customer retention levels. When a customer has purchased a product from your online store, you can begin the relationship by sending a follow-up email to confirm the transaction and thank the customer. Emailing customers regularly with special, personalized offers helps to maintain the relationship. You can also invite customers to submit product reviews on your website, helping to build a sense of community. Social Internet marketing enables you to take advantage of the growing importance of social media. An article on the Harvard Business School Executive Education website highlighted the link between social networking and online revenue growth. According to the article, a group of consumers that responded most strongly to the influence of social networks generated increased sales of around 5 percent. You can take advantage of this type of influence by incorporating social networking tools in your Internet marketing campaigns.

Is consociational democracy democratic? Essay

Today, democracy is both a pervasive presence and a valued symbol in European politics1. Theorists of the concept generally agree on the fundamental principles of democracy but have tended to differ radically in their conception of popular rule and democratic practices2. Consequently, it was somewhat inevitable that democracy as an ideal emerged in different forms across the diverse societies prevalent in Western Europe. Arend Lipjphart’s seminal work on ‘consociational democracies’3 contributed to democratic theory – concerned primarily with political stability of democratic regimes in plural societies4. The democratic viability of Lipjphart’s theory has recently been called into question however5. What then is ‘democracy’? Establishing the benchmarks of the concept at the outset will allow us to evaluate the extent to which ‘consociational democracy’ can be seen as ‘democratic’. An assessment of the key themes of Lipjphart’s theory – that of ‘grand coalitions’, ‘segmental autonomy’, ‘proportionality’ and ‘minority veto’ respectively – will set the structure to the following discussion. Drawing examples from the Belgian and Swiss ‘consociational’ regimes will provide illustrations of the emerging argument that consociational democracy is undemocratic6. Abraham Lincoln famously described the concept of ‘democracy’ as ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people’7. Lincoln’s prominent phrase encapsulates three fundamental principles, which, roughly translated, mean that we as citizens govern through political parties representing our interests; exercise our choice through franchise to elect those in control; and have the right to hold persons in power accountable for their actions. Moreover, the fourth striking characteristic noted by academics is that democracy represents political stability8. For Lipjphart, â€Å"consociational democracy means government by elite cartel designed to turn a democracy with a fragmented political culture into a stable democracy†9. ‘Grand coalitions’ would be used to prevent cultural diversity from being transformed into â€Å"explosive cultural segmentation†10. Politics, by its very nature, feeds on conflicts arising from social heterogeneity11 and the stability of divided societies often depends on whether the elites of rival subcultures are willing and able to reject confrontation in favour of compromise12. A grand coalition enables political leaders of all the segments of the plural society to jointly govern the country13. Nobel prize winning economist Sir Arthur Lewis endorses the system by arguing that all who are affected by a decision should have the chance to participate in making that decision, because â€Å"to exclude losing groups from participation clearly violates the primary meaning of democracy†14. In this sense, by embracing the notion of grand coalition, consociationalism can be said to be ‘democratic’15. There is, however, evidence to suggest that in practice the principle of ‘grand coalition’ does not adhere closely to the benchmarks of democracy. The Belgian governmental arena has overall remained fairly closed to non-pillar parties, which seems to contradict the very essence of grand coalition government16. In Switzerland, even though the major parties are represented on roughly proportional grounds in the Federal Council, the representatives are not always those nominated by the party17. Does this lie comfortably with the initial conception of democracy as government ‘of the people’? What of accountability? Since the Federal Council makes its decisions in a collegial manner, no party can hold its representative government directly responsible18. The Swiss consociational system cannot therefore be said to be truly accountable to the electorate – contrary to one of the fundamental principles of democracy19. Moreover, the Swiss referendum system has often highlighted flaws inherent in a ‘grand coalition’. Although the outcome of a policy decision is one of ‘amicable agreement’ among the elite, it might be opposed by 49% of the electorate at referendum20. Papadopoulos argues that the major problem stems from the fact that, since some decisions are taken at the end of the process by popular vote, it effectively excludes any further appeal or bargaining21. Can the ‘grand coalition’ system truly coincide with the democratic principle of representativeness if binding collective decisions may be taken on very small popular majorities?22 Furthermore, since accommodating strategies are not always effective, they are more easily gridlocked23 and potentially unstable24. Consequently, it seems that elite accommodation does not fulfil its proposed stabilising function and thus does not conform to the ultimate proposition of democratic stability. In all democracies power is necessarily divided to some extents between the central and non-central governments in order to avoid a concentration of power25. The ‘consociational’ school, inspired by the writings of Tocqueville, sees decentralisation of power as the essence of democratic government26. The principle of ‘segmental autonomy’ seeks to ensure that decision-making authority is, as much as possible, delegated to the separate subdivisions of society whereas issues of common interest are decided jointly. In contrast with majority rule, it may be characterised as â€Å"minority rule over the minority itself in matters that are their exclusive concern†27. This follows from Jan-Erik Lane’s proposition that all societal groups will respect the rules of democracy if they have autonomy over their own affairs28. Federalism is the best-known method of giving segmental autonomy to different groups in society. Segmental autonomy may also be provided on a non-territorial basis which is of particular relevance to plural societies where distinct sub-societies are not geographically concentrated. Such non-territorial autonomy characterised the Belgian system prior to its transformation into a federal state in 1993. Switzerland is also a federal state in which power is divided between the central government and a number of cantonal governments. Both systems, according to Tocqueville’s analysis, are conducive to democracy. It is evident that one of the subsidiary characteristics of segmental autonomy in the form of federalism is that the smaller component units are overrepresented in the federal chamber – their share of legislative seats exceeds their share of the population29. The maximum extension of this principle seems to be equality of representation regardless of the component units’ population. Such parity is evident in Switzerland where two representatives stand for each canton. Can an overrepresentation of minorities be truly democratic if it disregards the will of the majority? Moreover, the form segmental autonomy takes in the Netherlands is that pillar organisations in areas such as education, health care and housing are recognised and financed by the government. Each organisation has considerable influence in the running of their policy sector, but the increasing intervention of the state in imposing standards means that â€Å"the organisations that are autonomous in name are, in practice, quasi-governmental agencies†30. Thus, it can be argued that the pillars are to an extent no longer democratically representative of the societies they act for. What of democratic stability? In the Swiss context, highly decentralised federalism has been accused of being a hindrance of effective government31 and Belgium’s new system of federal consociationalism is bipolar, which is not always a good condition for its smooth operation32. â€Å"There can be no doubt that the adoption of a system of elected administrative officers plays a most vital part in the process of democracy†33. The notion of ‘proportionality’ serves as the basic standard of political representation34. The rule of proportionality, said to be so central to the ‘politics of accommodation’, attempts to ensure that all parties have access to state resources35. Indeed, it seems that if partisan conflict is multi-dimensional, a two-party system must be regarded as an â€Å"electoral straight jacket that can hardly be considered to be democratically superior to a multi-party system reflecting all of the major issue alternatives†36. Moreover, in two-party systems the party gaining an overall majority will tend to be overrepresented in parliament, whereas votes translate into seats proportionally through the adoption of proportional representation37. The Swiss consociational system, takes representation a step further through referenda, whereby the public effectively have a veto on state policy38. Thus, with regard to representation, it would seem that consociational democracy acquires the higher democratic ground. On the other hand, even if we concede that ‘proportionality’ is more ‘representative’, it is implicit that a defining characteristic of consociational democracy is the absence of competition since the campaigning is directed at the mobilization of the sub-cultural constituency, not at competition with other parties. Competition between parties is, however, a defining feature of democracy39, stemming from the notion of freedom and choice. Can non-competition be equated with absence of choice and thus be seen as undemocratic? Conversely, certain academics have argued that in its pure form the system of proportional representation â€Å"generally backfires and may turn out to be the kiss of death†40. Indeed, party volatilities may have significant consequences for the political process in consociational democracies41. The Swiss party system is highly fragmented42, and the increasing fractionalisation of the party system in Belgium has led to high volatility elections and instability43. Does this adhere to the democratic notion of stability? Moreover, in the Swiss context it may be argued that referendums are basically majoritarian in their effects, because they are usually decided by simple popular majorities. Indeed, it has been suggested that, due to the inability to discuss matters emerging in referenda, they are bound to be more dangerous than representative assemblies to minority rights44. Additionally, statistics show that the level of participation in Swiss referenda has been low – often below 50 per cent of those eligible to vote45. In the light of some assertions that ‘too many referenda kill democracy’46, can this aspect of proportionality in Swiss politics be described as democratic? The ‘grand coalition’ system of government serves to give each societal segment a share of power at the central level. There is no provide a guarantee, however, that the policy will not be outvoted by a majority when its primary objectives are contested47. The purpose of a ‘minority veto’48 in consociational democracies is to provide such a guarantee. The ‘minority veto’ tool provides a strong system of checks and balances and reinforces the notion of separation of powers at the heart of government. Indeed, academics have noted that Belgium’s federal state is â€Å"replete with checks and balances†49, and the notion of separation of powers in both Belgium and Switzerland manifests itself through a bicameral legislature with equal legislative powers. Consequently, it may be argued that the ‘minority veto’ sustains the democratic principle of holding the government to account. Does ‘mutual veto’ work in practice? One of the ‘rules of the consociational game’ was ‘the government’s right to govern’ with the corollary that the parties should not interfere thus allowing the government to â€Å"rise above inter-subcultural strife†. To a considerable degree, this â€Å"aloofness from party politics has given way to a politicisation of the cabinet by the governing parties†50, making the minority veto principle largely redundant. However, when it does have an effect, the reciprocal control of power inherent in mutual veto often results in mutual obstruction and blocked decision-making. Swiss constitutional amendments, for example, must be approved by a majority of the cantons – which effectively gives the smallest cantons, with less than 20 per cent of the population, a potential veto51. It is implicit in Switzerland that good solutions are often difficult to reach because the Federal council â€Å"does not observe the implicit rules of the accommodation game†52. Can a system that disregards the wishes of the majority be truly democratic? Some have even commented that â€Å"to admit the minority veto as a major and normal means of limiting power is to admit a shuddering principle†53. If you reward divisiveness through veto power, you institutionalise those divisions. In this light, Lipjphart’s machinery seems to engender â€Å"consensus-braking than consensus-making†54. Divisiveness and instability can hardly be reconciled with the traditional concept of democracy. Is consociational democracy democratic? Assessing the main themes of Lipjphart’s concept has highlighted â€Å"fundamental weaknesses† in consociational theory55. Even though ‘grand coalitions’ seek to represent all groups in society, the collegial manner of decision-making raises problems of accountability. ‘Segmental autonomy’ may be praised in theory, but it seems that in practice, smaller pillars tend to become institutionalised through heavy regulation at central level, thus negating the democratic essence of the notion. The concept of ‘proportionality’ aims at a fair distribution of power, yet the party volatilities produced as a result can hardly be conducive to democratic stability. Academics of the consociational school argue that ‘minority veto’ resolves the accountability deficit inherent in grand coalition government since it provides a system of checks and balances. On the other hand, critics contest that mutual veto encourages gridlock and frustration at the heart of administrations. The Swiss and Belgian experience has shown that consociational democracies tend to be stable, but are they stable because they are consociational56? At the very least, empirical evidence highlights a ‘democratic deficit’ in consociational theory57. 1 What democracy is and is not, p.70 2 http://www.xrefer.com/entry/343784 3 http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/spire/Staff/Pages/Luther/researchint.htm 4 Politics and Society in Western Europe, lane + ersson, p.156 5 http://www.xrefer.com/entry/343729 6 Consociationalism has been practiced in Belgium and Switzerland since 1945 and 1943 respectively. Note: It has been argued that the Swiss model does not strictly fit into the consociational mould (Barry, Review article), but for the purpose of this analysis we will discuss Switzerland due to its grouping as one of the four original identified ‘consociational’ societies (Paul Pennings, party elites in divided societies, p.21, also Kenneth D Mc Rae p.520) 7 http://www.xrefer.com/entry/343784 8 ‘On Liberty’, J.S. Mill, Cambridge University Press, 1989 9 Sited in Politics and Society in W Europe, lane + ersson p.157 10 The odd fellow, Switzerland, p.135 11 Politics and society in Western Europe, Neo Taqu. p.2 12 http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/spire/Staff/Pages/Luther/researchint.htm 13 Arend Lipjphart, Consociation and Federation p.500 14 W. Arthur Lewis, Politics in West Africa (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1965) p.64 15 Since 1959, Switzerland has been governed by a grand coalition of the four major political parties. The Belgian state is also maintained according to Luther’s framework of vertical linkage within the subcultures as well as engagement in overreaching accommodation to bridge the gap between the pillars (From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.104) 16 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.98. In Belgium, to an increasing extent, the system of consociational accommodation became the ‘system’ of Christian Democrat and socialist cooperation. In 1999, the ‘natural’ centre left coalition has been in power for twelve years 17 Brian Barry, review article, p.482 18 The odd fellow, Switz, p.154 19 Indeed, it has been said that power and strict accountability for its use are the essential constituents of good government. Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government: A study in American Politics (New York: Meridian Books, 1956) p.186 20 Brian Barry, review article, p.483 21 The odd fellow, Switz, p.138 22 In a multi-party system without a majority party, the coalition’s programme will be a compromise between the individual party platforms – a compromise made by political leaders instead of mandated directly by the voters. (Democracies, p.110) 23 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.71 24 Party Elites in divided societies, paul pennings, p.22 25 Democracies p.169 26 Politics and Society in Western Europe, Ersson + Lane, p.169 27 Lipjphart, consociation and federation, p.500 28 Lipjphart, consociation and federation, p.500 29 Democracies, p.173 30 Party elites in divided societies, Rudy Armstrong, p.124 31 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.25 32 From consoc. To fed. Belgium, p.107 33 European democracy between the wars, p.23 34 Consociation and federation, Lipjphart, p.501 35 Parties, Pillars, Rudy B. Andeweg, p.129 36 Democracies, p.113 37 Democracies, p.151. The two-party ‘leader’s bias’ was strongly illustrated in the UK in 1997, with Labour gaining 65 per cent of British seats on 45 per cent of the vote, while the Conservatives were under-represented in the commons (Dunleavy, Developments in British Politics p.147) 38 Indeed, Switzerland has developed â€Å"the theory and practice of the referendum to a pitch to which no other nation has begun to match† (Butler and Ranney, eds., Referendums:A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978) p.5 39 What democracy is and is not p.70 40 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.73. It has been said that the dispersal of power across several minority parties adds profusion to confusion, Ibid. p.71 41 paul pennings, party elites, p.38 42 The odd fellow, p.141 43 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.93. In ‘Democracy or Anarchy?’ Ferdinand A Hermens warned of the dangers proportional representation posed to the survival of democracy, arguing that the instability created by the latter would invoke the rise of autocratic regimes. (F.A. Hermens, Democracy or Anarchy? Astudy of Proportional Representation (New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1972) p.293) 44 Democracies, p.31 45 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.5 46 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.5 47 Consociation and Federation, Lipjphart, p.501 48 Note: The term ‘minority veto’ will be used interchangeably with ‘mutual veto’ 49 From consociation to federation, Belgium, p.103. The Belgian constitution can only be changed by two-thirds majorities in both chambers of the legislature. This rule is effectively a minority veto where a minority or a combination thereof controls at least a third of the votes in one chamber. 50 Parties, Pillars and the Politics of accommodation, Andweg p.127 51 Democracies, p.190 52 The Swiss Labyrinth, p.27 53 Comparative Constitutional Engineering, p.71 54 Comparative constitutional engineering, p.72 55 http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journals/details/issue/abstract/ab013998.html 56 http://www.xrefer.com/entry/343729 57 Craig and De Burca p.155

The Awesome World of Entrepreneurship Essay - 1218 Words

The history of entrepreneurship has been existing in the United States for decades. During the 1607 during the 19th century, the first Virginia Company sent three ships across the Atlantic and unloaded 109 passengers in Jamestown, Virginia (Gordon 1). They were embarked on a new business enterprise that they hoped would be profitable (Gordon 1). Their business was known as a joint-stock company that allowed people to invest in enterprises without running into the risk of losing everything if there business did not succeed (Gordon 1). Later in life, the Virginia Company failed to become successful by making every mistake they could make which caused them to go broke and most entrepreneurs then fail (Gordon 2). Even though there was failure,†¦show more content†¦There are many local colleges like: Babson College, Brigham Young University, University of Berkeley, California, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Michigan, University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina , University of Pennsylvania, University of Southern California, Stanford University, and Washington University in St. Louis offer undergraduate and graduate courses for future entrepreneurs (Epstein 1). Then, theres the University of Chicago, and Harvard University who offer graduate courses and the University of Houston and Princeton University who offers undergraduate course. What if there was a path to take in order to become an entrepreneur? First, you have to start with hard work, dedication, late night, continuous research, networking, sales skills, and thinking outside of the box (Mellon 1). Its also very important to choose related jobs that are similar to entrepreneurship like: being an owner, manager, director, president, and chief executive officer (http://uncw.edu/career/entrepreneurship.html). Those kind of people organize and operate the risk for business ventures like an entrepreneur according to the American Heritage Dictionary. Then, theres also a few skills that y ou should follow in order to become an entrepreneur. Those skills are being able to multitask, willing to do things, and having the tolerance for risk takingShow MoreRelatedA Brief Biography of Entrepreneurship Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In times of crisis, the economy needs new ideas to bring about a change to reactive safely the economy and provide more confidence to the customers. Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the sustainable growth in the economy performance. 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(3) Oligopolistic Structure : Through the process of merger and takeover, etc., in course of time an MNC comes to assume awesome power. This coupled with its giant size makes it oligopolistic in character. So it enjoys a huge amount of profit. (4) Spontaneous Evolution : One thing to be observed in the case of the MNCs is that they have usually grown in a spontaneous and unconsciousRead MoreCreating An Economic Area Of Higher Productivity And Greater Yield1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement in an effort to shift their small business’s economic resources to an area of higher productivity and greater yield. By using 5 different sources, one can acquire a better understanding of what these terms mean, how they apply to the world of entrepreneurship, and how to best utilize these items in a way that allows a company to maximize their revenue and increase their company’s brand image. Throughout this paper, the company LizardBox will be showcased as well as the means by which this companyRead MoreWhy Am I Business Major? Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages Why Am I Business Major? Dalanà © Smith To enter into the world of business it is best to earn a two-year associate’s degree in business management. Earning this can offer you opportunities. You would start from ground level and progress in the company buy furthering your education and obtaining a bachelor’s degree. Most companies who are hiring are looking for people who have at least a four year bachelor’s degree, which makes this the best choice. For top-level spots, you will most definitelyRead MoreWhy Do You Go An Online Business? Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSome hear about startups being bought for millions by big companies, and hatch plans to start their own internet business. Others nurture online business ideas that they think will shake the web for long-time before taking the leap of entrepreneurship. While there is nothing bad in dreaming big, it is important to keep the realities of starting and running an online business in mind. When it comes to starting a web business, there are hundreds of details to be mastered but let’s just focus on 11CsRead MoreWhat Are Start Ups?2790 Words   |  12 Pages 2 C. Identifying opportunities Doug Neal, the Executive Director of the Center for Entrepreneurship, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor attempted to distinguish 6 different techniques through which Entrepreneurs identify opportunities upon which they build their businesses from observing patterns of behaviour and approach of various entrepreneurs spanning over 100 years (Entrepreneurship: Spotting Opportunities, 2014). 2. C.1 Better faster Cheaper smaller This refersRead MoreInternet Helps Women Entrepreneurs Overcome Hurdles1389 Words   |  6 Pagessaid Monosoff, who has also authored six books for entrepreneurs including, The Mom Inventors Handbook and Secrets of Millionaire Moms. Female Entrepreneurs Growing in Numbers Women now represent nearly a third of all entrepreneurs across the world, and their numbers are expected to keep growing. From 1997 to 2014, in the U.S. alone, women-owned companies grew by 68 percent at a time when all businesses grew by only 47 percent, according to 2014 data published by Womenable and American ExpressRead MoreLiterature Review And Critical Analysis3749 Words   |  15 PagesDirector of the Center for Entrepreneurship, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor attempted to distinguish 6 different techniques through which Entrepreneurs identify opportunities upon which they build their businesses (Entrepreneurship: Spotting Opportunities, 2014). These 6 techniques which may not represent all approaches were arrived at from observing patterns of behaviour and approach of various entrepreneurs spanning over 100 years (Entrepreneurship: Spotting OpportunitiesRead MoreGolda Meir Reached for the Stars Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesplatform to see a mire d of key words in this chapter’s sociology list: ascribed status, role expectation, role exit, role conflict, and achieved status. Meir’s story turns these words into real world examples and finally leaves the reader, as it did for me, with an awesome feeling that one person can change the world. I for one am glad that no one ever told her not to reach for the stars. Ascribed status, as noted in Sociology in Our Times the Essentials, 8th Edition, by Diana Kendall, is a social position

Analysis Of Geoffrey Chaucer s The Time Of Women

Geoffrey Chaucer is a defining figure throughout Medieval European literature, Throughout time women have been placed in a subjugated position. Men have placed themselves as the leaders but to contest the unfairness in rule feminism became a movement. Feminism is the movement, ideal set that women and men should be equal to each other in all ways. This includes socially, lawfully and any other way that would make the society better. In the time of Chaucer, the roles of women were very rigid and set in stone. Women were thought to be little more than adolescent possessions that needed taking care of and it was through this image that women were treated. They were expected to be little more than house wives that took care of children and†¦show more content†¦In many ways throughout time and different society’s women have been reduced to the virgin hood, but how important is it really? The wife of bath implies that virginity is not a state to remain in one’s whole life. Instead she questions â€Å"and surely if no seed were sown, from what, then, could virginity be grown? (Chaucer).† The Wife of Bath maintains that if marriage is condemned by God had and he wanted people to be chaste, then where would people derive from? If there is no seed for virginity to grow and everyone are to remain pure, then how would people exist? Everyone has a skill from God and The Wife trusts that hers is sexuality. It is through religion that she makes a case for having overt sexuality. She uses the bible to back her ways of thinking because of the weight and authority that religion held. In today’s world, feminist fight for the ability to freely express their own sexuality in whatever way that may be, and though the wife of bath is not technically a feminist, her display of taking sexual autonomy is reminiscent of feminist ideals. Even though the wife of bath Is a woman of Chaucer’s time she does not value purity of virginity like her society does, â€Å"purity and body and in heart may please some-as for me I make no boast† (Chaucer). Of course, the wife of bath has been married multiple times (which is a problem within itself because having numerousShow MoreRelatedChaucer s The Man Of Law s Tale1269 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer is one of the first authors to use rape in English literature (Schaus). Representations of rape occur with some consistency in several of Chauce r’s works, for example an attempted rape in â€Å"The Man of Law’s Tale† and the rape of a both a mother and daughter in â€Å"The Reeve’s Tale† (Schaus). His usage of rape was possibly inspired by his own speculated distribute with rape. 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Matton, La magie arabe traditionelle, Paris, 1977 (incomplete) Latin Picatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghà ¢yat Al-Hakà ®m, ed. David Pingree (London, Warburg Institute, 1986). Spanish Abul-Casim Maslama ben Ahmad: Picatrix (El fin del sabio y el mejor

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Macbeth Essay Topics and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on Macbeth Essay Topics and Why You Must Take Action Today It's hard for Macbeth to determine what he wishes to do with all the pressure, although he does not need to succumb to it. Out of all Shakespeare's tragedies, Macbeth is still one of the most popular. Macbeth finally is aware of what he has completed but he'll not simply quit as a coward. Macbeth replies I won't provide. There are a number of items in Macbeth. Thus Macbeth looks somewhat crazy and the guests begin to wonder about him. If you don't find out how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be happy to help you. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Employing the essay topics below in combination with the list of important quotes from Macbeth at the base of the webpage, you should not have any trouble connecting with the text and writing a superb essay. After a very long search you've found the proper place to purchase essay online. This lesson provides a streak of essay topics made to help your students deepen their knowledge of King Duncan, with an eye toward boosting their analysis of the play all around. For essay writing ideas and controversial topics, students may use a number of the ones in the subsequent list. Macbeth essay queries might are deemed vast, but endeavor to look closely at the sure highlights. As you're looking into writing an essay on Macbeth, there are lots of directions it is possible to take it and distinct elements of the play you'll be able to discuss as topics. The more you tell us about your requirements, the better essay help we'll be in a position to provide. To help you out here are a few attention grabber topics that it is possible to consider. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. One click immediate price quote It is extremely depressing to be aware of the destructive character of power and the way it may lead to tragic events and destroy the lives of good folks. Power can merely disrupt the relationships an individual has with other folks. The Witches are characters which have a potent effect on the play, but have hardly any lines. Observing the conventions of tragedy, a number of the characters become corrupted somehow, and, by the close of the play, each one of the corrupt characters have to be eliminated so that Denmark can once more be set right. Characters in the story have a tendency to tell a lie repeatedly. After all, if it weren't for the murder of King Duncan, the majority of the remaining part of the play's plot wouldn't exist in any respect. Therefore, it really is sad to understand that power can result in tragedy and destroy the lives and reputations of good individuals. You'll be deeply impressed by every play, whichever one that you choose. The play depicts the circumstance when evil is chosen as a means to do the ambition for power and its corrosive impacts on people. Macbeth Essay Topics Options Such as, for everybody who's making a Macbeth ambition essay, you may want to concentrate on the final result of a lot ambition. Macbeth gradually depends upon the witches prophecies, whilst the play persists. Macbeth still appears to think that the future holds peace because of his reign. Macbeth becomes much more outraged and yell at everyone while in the region and he starts to scream. Due to their predictions, Macbeth murders many men and women. Lady Macbeth is now adding a substantial quantity of effect. Lady Macbeth is presently positioning a large number of influence. Lady Macbeth is placing a massive quantity of affect. Macbeth wants Banquo dead on account of the wizards prediction that Banquo's sons will get Kings. The entire story appears to be about Macbeth and all his efforts to get and keep the throne. Macbeth's character is not just a negative hero betraying for a beneficial function.

Journal Article free essay sample

The whole paper embodies author’s broad scope, exquisite writing skills and clear logic in analyzing a controversial topic. Black Nationalism is an ideology that aims at liberating the black from oppression and setting up self-determination for the black. Basically there are two forms of Black Nationalism, Classical Black Nationalism and Contemporary Black Nationalism. Classical Black Nationalism is almost simply in the form of slave revolts. However, Contemporary Black Nationalism can be divided into four parts: educational, religious, cultural as well as revolutionary nationalism.Black Panther Party, one of the most famous revolutionary nationalist organizations, held the belief that the government at that time needed to be reformed to meet the demands for the black. Under the understanding of â€Å"socialist perspective†, two young black militants, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party fundamentally for self-defense from racist police oppression and brutality. Their force was expanding ceaselessly. On Jan. 1st, 1967, they set up the first official headquarters and after that, they recruited clan members and started to bear arms.When Cleaver joined the party in 1967, this party was in its prime time. Under the leadership of the three, the party moved forward tremendously and developed many other programs that benefited the black. However, the change in fundamental ideology from â€Å"liberation† to â€Å"class struggle† finally leads to the doom of the party. The party had close relations with other Third World revolutionary groups in the United States and became a threat to our country. FBI (COINTELPRO) took actions to systematically destroy the party both externally and internally.On one hand, FBI took advantage of the conflict between Black Panther Party and Karenga’s US Organization to let these two clans fight with each other. On the other hand, FBI divided the key leaders by setting them up in a hostile position. Finally, the party met its end in the year of 1974. To discuss the aftermath, we should analyze it in two aspects. Black Panther Party actually contributed to black American society and black rights struggle in several ways; meanwhile, it also made serious errors that cannot be tolerated.People should be alert and have a full understanding on what led to its demise. The author has a broad scope for describing a certain topic and researched thoroughly on it. For example, in order to describe the Black Panther Party, the author first clearly states the original ideology of the party. Then she introduces the background information of key leaders in detail to make a relation to why they would found such a party. After that, she discusses the whole process of development for the party, from the beginning to the end.She did research so well that she even provides information such as how the leaders raised money for weapons (by selling Mao Tse-Tung’s book) and how FBI destroyed the party and so on. These kinds of anecdote-liked facts delight the whole article. First, the facts broaden the readers’ horizon. Readers are able to picture better how a revolutionary party works and gain a bunch of knowledge of the certain topic. Second, these facts will absolutely attract the reader and add some amusing elements.That is, they make the academic article less doctrinal. The author did an excellent job in writing skills and clarity of expression. She uses clear language for the whole article. There is no ambiguity in concepts. Every technical term follows with elaborate explanations to avoid misunderstandings. For example, at first part of the article, the author explains thoroughly what two kinds of Black Nationalism are. After all, these are the key terms we should master to understand the whole article.The author also gives detail explanations for four kinds of Contemporary Black Nationalism, especially the revolutionary one to coincide with the thesis, which is talking about how the revolutionary party (the Black Panther Party) develops. Last but not least, the author’s logical analysis astonishes the readers. One of the main purposes of this article is to convince the readers that every coin has two sides, here, although the Black Panther Party made some intolerable errors, it still contributed to the free struggle for the black people in America. That is, the author tries to lead us to ponder what the contributions they made and what negative aspects they were involved. In the last part of the article, the author proposes a set of convincing evidences and analyses to articulate her cogitative thoughts on this issue. These logical analyses almost cover every aspect: for the positive side, she proposes five points: advancing the idea of self-defense, leading a direction for further freedom movement, aiming at serving the people, advocating women rights and excellent propaganda.These five points cover both ideological as well as practical benefits for the black people at that time. The author also provides comprehensive analyses on the negative aspects: leadership corruption, underground activities of the party’s members, their rhetoric surpassed their capabilities, undisciplined mannerisms and tendencies, rigid radicalism, failing to organize economic foundations and failing to persuade members to prepare for long time s truggle. These seven points cover administration problems, economy crisis, exaggerated propaganda as well as personnel management issue.Therefore, these analyses indeed highlight the author’s exquisite skill of combining factual information and logical thinking seamlessly. Just as Jessica C. Harris discusses in her paper, the development of the Black Panther Party is like a drama. It seemed to be prospective and voiced on behalf of the black people at first; however, during the whole process, some immature actions indeed ruined everything and defamed the essence of its original ideology, â€Å"self-defense, and fight for the inequality†.

The American Civil War Essay Example Essay Example

The American Civil War Essay Example Paper The American Civil War Essay Introduction The American Civil War is a topic which many poets have addressed in verse. What separates Lowell’s ‘For The Union Dead’ from the scores of other Civil War poems is not only the complex interweaving of period and contemporary events in order to make a social commentary on change, which give the poem a strong modern-day resonance, but also the precise and polysemic lexis Lowell employs in order to link different timeframes.In 1964, four years after he first read ‘For The Union Dead’ in public, Lowell stated in a letter: â€Å"In my poem For The Union Dead, I lament the loss of the old Abolitionist spirit; the terrible injustice, in the past and present, of the American treatment of the Negro is the greatest urgency to me as a man and a writer.†. By describing the â€Å"loss† of such a spirit, Lowell also reveals what has replaced it in modern Boston; a vulgar fixation with consumerism. His juxtaposition of the unselfish and heroic sacrifi ce of Colonel Shaw and his all-black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry against the moral decline of modern Boston, of a rose-tinted past against a dystopian present, is a continual theme in the poem. He describes the bronze monument celebrating their valour as â€Å"(sticking) like a fishbone in the city’s throat†, going on to state that the Colonel â€Å"is out of bounds now†; in both instances, Lowell alludes to the fact that the laudable values which the Colonel and his men stood for are ignored by modern society, that human nature has degenerated into crude materialism.This degeneration is shown further by Lowell’s disdainful description of the building of a garage beneath the Boston Common, which is owned by the people of Boston rather than the city itself. The construction of the garage in the 60s was subject to vehement and ultimately unsuccessful protest, as it was seen as an infringement of the people’s rights. The theme of immoral con sumerism recurs in this disdainful description: â€Å"Parking spaces luxuriate like civic sandpiles in the heart of Boston.† Lowell sees his city reduced to a plaything for childlike developers who have no thought for culture or heritage. Yet another example of this brazen consumerism is the reference to the Mosler Safe, which is advertised and glorified as a result of WWII. This is juxtaposed against the memorial, carelessly â€Å"propped by a plank splint†. This theme is not only applicable to Boston, but universally applicable; indeed, with the ever increasing emphasis on material wealth in modern life, the poem may have even greater relevance today. Through the universal applicability of its themes, then, Lowell’s poem demonstrates the â€Å"qualities of durability† which allows literary works to be widely deemed as â€Å"valuable†.In addition to this large-scale historical juxtaposition, there is a personal juxtaposition between the child Lowe ll and the adult Lowell, adding another layer of complexity to the poem as the factual and emotional interact with each other. The Aquarium is vital here, not only exhibiting the impermanence of the world we live in as modernisation propels human ‘advancement’, but showing how even within Lowell’s lifetime, the world has changed beyond recognition; the fish of his childhood are gone, and all that is left is the â€Å"bronze weathervane cod† which has â€Å"lost half its scales†; they have been replaced by â€Å"yellow dinosaur steamshovels. grunting. behind their cage† and â€Å"giant finned cars†. The replacement of the sentient fish from the Aquarium with these mechanical beasts of the modern era runs parallel to the aforementioned degeneration of human nature, and together they chart the disappearance of the world of Lowell’s childhood, as well as and Colonel Shaw’s lifetime. On a personal level as well, then, Lowell p ortrays the change which has come about in his lifetime with great pessimism. At this personal level, though, there are also elements of continuity within the different timeframes which Lowell describes melancholically. As a child he watches the fish behind the glass, as an adult he sees the â€Å"drained faces of school-children rise like balloons† through a television screen; in both situations he is frustrated by his own helplessness.Lowell also presents continuity regarding the fact that despite the American Civil War was won by the Abolitionists, segregation was still existent at the time of writing; he conveys disgust at the fact that while America’s fragile sense of heritage and culture is bulldozed in the name of technological ‘advancement’ (the steamshovels and cars), racism remains. The fact that the Boston Common garage is geographically close to the bronze memorial for the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers Infantry means that the link between the t wo is justified and founded in reality, the link being that although the garage would suggests advancement, it actually represents a backward step for Boston, and the memorial’s place in an America which still instigates segregation shows that America is still stuck in its prejudiced past. Lowell’s layering of images, juxtapositions and parallels across various timeframes, and the split between historical and personal, allows the poem to be a complex collection of ideas contributing to the same central twin destinations concerning inequality and transience. A â€Å"complex interweaving. of ideas† which denotes value, then, can be clearly identified in Lowell’s poem.Another feature of ‘valued’ literature, alongside complex ideas, is complexity in language and word choice. There can be little doubt that Lowell has chosen to place certain words in certain places in the poem, that he is a â€Å"craftsperson. in command of (his) writing†. E ven the opening line, the epigraph â€Å"Relinquunt Omnia Servare Rem Publicam† is an edited version of the epigraph on the actual memorial â€Å"Reinquit Omnia Servare Rem Publicam†. Lowell’s amendment turns â€Å"He gave up all to serve the Republic†, referring to Colonel Shaw into â€Å"They gave up all to serve the Republic†, referring to the entire 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Even in this minor adjustment, then, the central themes of racial equality is addressed, as well as the bravery of the soldiers which is so often acknowledged in Civil War poems. Evidence of Lowell’s conscious decision to select exact words can also be seen by the repetition of words within the poem, to either reinforce or contradict a point previously made. When describing his experience of the fish at the Aquarium, Lowell writes that his hand â€Å"tingled†, and when describing the Statehouse when the construction works for the garage are occurr ing, Lowell also says it is â€Å"tingling†. The former use of the word suggests vitality and excitement, whereas the latter use suggests both the literal and symbolic undermining of democratic values, of equality.The first line and the second to last line also utilise this repetition, this time â€Å"Servare† and â€Å"servility†. Here, Shaw’s civic courage, his noble defence of his beliefs and his country, is contrasted against the â€Å"savage servility† of the cars. â€Å"Savage servility† is a paradoxical description which highlights both the bleak, unfeeling, asocial nature of modern life and the undercurrent of menace which Lowell feels accompanies this modernisation. The placement of these juxtaposing words at the beginning and end of the poem serve to illustrate the change which Lowell works so hard to show the reader throughout the poem. A final and less obvious instance of such repetition comes, rather than at the beginning and en d of the poem, in a single sentence: â€Å"on Boylston Street, a commercial photograph/Shows Hiroshima boiling/over a Mosler Safe†. â€Å"Boylston† and â€Å"boiling† is not repetition in a strict sense; it is an example of assonance. Boylston Street is a major commercial centre in Boston, and so the avarice portrayed by the Mosler â€Å"Hiroshima boiling† advertisement is clearly mirrored by this hub of capitalism. It is evident, then, that Lowell has formed the poem with a meticulousness of the highest order, giving the poem a great deal of ‘value’.There is, however, a problem with the poem in terms of value. Lowell’s poem includes intimate details about Boston and the Civil War at the risk of alienating readers who are not familiar with either, for instance an English reader with no knowledge of the Civil War or Boston. The English reader would then have to research into the Civil War and Boston in order to understand the poem even at its most basic level. This could mean that the perceived value of the poem is diminished for this reader. Michael Foucault certainly holds this view, positing that all literary texts display â€Å"enunciative poverty†, in that they inevitably cannot convey full meaning or representation, and that â€Å"it is critics themselves. who repeat over and over the message which the text itself failed to tell†, that these critics make up for a poet’s lack of precision in craft.However, the ignorance of the reader cannot diminish the value of a poem; it is the reader’s responsibility to fill in gaps in their knowledge and thereby fully comprehend the value and complexity of the poem. Foucault also doubts that the writer is in complete control of the writing, arguing instead that certain â€Å"literary traditions. economic and literary pressures† influence the text. Again, if Foucault’s position is to be believed, this would show that Lowell is not a â€Å"craftsman. in command of (his) writing†, and therefore that his poetry is not ‘valuable’. However, while these pressures undoubtedly shape certain decisions concerning issues like structure and subject matter (for instance, the construction of the underground garage in the vicinity of the memorial and the on-going civil rights movement led Lowell to consider Colonel Shaw and his Infantry’s bravery and the futility of their sacrifice), the artistry and poetic technique exhibited by the poet requires a great deal of control. These pressures, if anything, form a vague outline of a work which must be defined and filled by the poet’s imagination; Lowell does this magnificently, using the intricate entwining of themes and ideas and precise word choice to create a work of true value. The American Civil War Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!