Profile of Offshore Financial Center - Bahamas Term Paper

Profile of Offshore Financial Center - Bahamas - Term Paper Example Especially for the seaward organization, it requires to play out a few registers and investigates with the favored seaward money related focus to guarantee that putting resources into that market can ensure productive budgetary returns (Zorome, 2007). It is against this foundation that intermittent ecological appraisal examinations are performed for different seaward money related focuses to test their monetary practicality for explicit seaward organizations and seaward nations. In the current paper, the spotlight is put on Bahamas as a seaward budgetary focus to basically understudy the suitability of that money related market as a favored element to use to raise capital Intel Corporation preceding doing an underlying open offer. The profiling of Bahamas as a suitable seaward monetary focus is done along six significant boundaries as delineated underneath. Mystery and Views In the budgetary market, for example, the seaward money related focus, issues of mystery and perspectives are significant for the assurance of monetary straightforwardness of a given community. It is therefore that the need to examine the mystery and perspectives that persuades the Bahamian seaward market, for example, money related mystery is significant for settling on choice on the determination of the nation as an element for raising capital for an underlying open offer. Nyangosi, Arora and Sing (2009) has clarified that circumstances of budgetary mystery exists when money related foundations will not reveal pivotal monetary data to the fitting experts for charge dynamic and other criminal law implementation arrangements. Essentially, a higher scoring on money related mystery list is a negative sign for good monetary straightforwardness. In the mean time as per the Tax Justice Network (2011), the scoring for Bahamas in monetary straightforwardness is 83%, demonstrating an unsuitable degree of mystery and concealment of perspectives. From the chart underneath, it will be noticed that fro m a 15 money related mystery pointer, Bahamas scored negative imprints for a large portion of the markers. Source: Tax Justice Network (2011) For speculators needing to pick Bahamas as a favored element to use to raise capital for Intel Corporation preceding doing an IPO, the danger of not knowing the genuine budgetary qualities and figures for most pointers that will be essential for taking securities exchange choices wins (Breiman et al, 2009). Having expressed the abovementioned be that as it may, it is critical to emphasize the point that new strategies and changes have begun rising in Bahamas that make officeholder upon the nation to have a free economy and trade data as determined in Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) rules (Riyadh, Akter and Islam, 2009). Closeness to US Proximity has consistently been supposed to be a significant factor in the assurance of a seaward budgetary focus goal for raising capital for Intel Corporation in front of an under lying open offer. This is on the grounds that most seaward organizations that work in seaward budgetary focuses do as such by working guardian organizations that oversee and run the key hierarchical

Historical and Theological Context of Byzantine Iconoclasm

     As I stepped on to that British Airways trip to London, England I didn't have the foggiest idea about this would end up being one on the most changing encounters of my life. It began like this after playing a soccer coordinate with certain companions at a nearby school, we started to anticipate what we would do today around evening time. So after we returned home and scrubbed down, we called up a couple of companions and the arrangement for the night was chalked out, as we would go to certain clubs and other night spots London is frequently connected with. At that point in the wake of affirming were we were going to get together, we got spruced up, and left to where we could get a transport, which would take us to the train station, to meet the others. After we got together and boarded the train a few people from the gathering began to talk ... Change Essay - articles research papers      As I stepped on to that British Airways trip to London, England I didn't have the foggiest idea about this would end up being one on the most changing encounters of my life. It began like this after playing a soccer coordinate with certain companions at a neighborhood school, we started to anticipate what we would do today. So after we returned home and cleaned up, we called up a couple of companions and the arrangement for the night was chalked out, as we would go to certain clubs and other night spots London is regularly connected with. At that point in the wake of affirming were we were going to get together, we got spruced up, and left to where we could get a transport, which would take us to the train station, to meet the others. After we got together and boarded the train a few people from the gathering began to talk ...

Intuitions Role in the Giant Spectrum Essay -- its effect on everyday/w

A shivering sensation noticeable all around emits. The body stops mid step as the physical alert goes off, mindfulness about each easily overlooked detail resounds as an activity plays out that doesn’t require any cognizant reasoning, it simply occurs. The groping sprouts within the sight of a person or thing that simply doesn't feel right. That discrete prod to the cerebrum, that touches off a premonition. Instinct. With intuitional dynamic there is no requirement for cognizant thinking as instinct assumes control more than ones judgment capacities. It is then that the topic of instincts job in our ordinary judgment, occurs. In a huge number of contextual investigations including the last inquiry, analysts ask about the impact of instinct upon ordinary informed decisions throughout everyday life and the work field. â€Å"Think before acting!† From the time a kid is conceived they are accidentally advised to think with their head before settling on a negative choice. â€Å"Our culture is loaded with intellectual adages like look before you jump and think before you act that recommend that one's driving forces or instincts will in general be profoundly flawed† (Lieberman 109). There is this fundamental perfect that intuitional based speculation prompts â€Å"Suboptimal† dynamic; of not exactly the best quality or nature of reasoning (Lieberman, 109). At the point when this reasoning procedure happens there is a need the sensible structure of instructive preparing in the neurological framework. Regarding financial matters, there is no weighing of the expense and advantages of specific thoughts. Analysts, Betsch and Glã ¶ckner, call this procedure â€Å"recognition heuristic† (Betsch and Glã ¶ckner 279). The thought, that individuals settle on choices dependent on ackn owledgment; when they know about something they know, that o... ...d UP, 1998. Print. Betsch, Tilmann, and Andreas Glã ¶ckner. Instinct in Judgment and Decision Making: Extensive Thinking Without Effort. Psychological Inquiry 21.4 (2010): 279-94. Web. Campbell, Elizabeth Rose. Natural Astrology: Follow Your Best Instincts to Become Who You Always Intended to Be. New York: Ballantine, 2003. Print. Hogarth, Robin M. Part 6/On the Learning of Intuition. Educating Intuition. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2001. N. pag. Print. Klein, Gary A. Instinct at Work: Why Developing Your Gut Instincts Will Make You Better at What You Do. New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2003. Print. Lieberman, Matthew D. Instinct: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Psychological Bulletin 126.1 (2000): 109-37. Web. Simon, H.A. (1987). Settling on the board choices: the job of instinct and feeling, Academy of Management Executive, 1: 57-64.

Abdul Basit

Presentation McShane and Von Glinow express that â€Å"the best hierarchical structure relies upon the organization’s outer condition, size, innovation, and strategy† (409). To recognize the best hierarchical structure for Protege Engineering, I will initially figure out what ‘Organizational Structure’ implies. In a second step I will break down its components and cut out the significant parts for the thought about association. At long last I will give an end and recommendation.Organizational Structures all in all, authoritative structure is identified with the way that an association sorts out representatives and employments, so its work can be performed and its objectives can be met. McShane and Von Glinow characterize ‘Organizational Structure’ in more detail; they express that hierarchical structure â€Å"refers to the division of work just as the examples of coordination, correspondence, work process, and formal force that immediate autho ritative activities† (386).To comprehend what this implies we will examine every part. The division of work is identified with the â€Å"subdivision of work into discrete occupations doled out to various people† (McShane and Von Glinow 386). The examples of coordination allude to the planning of work exercises between the representatives where they partition work among themselves. This procedure requires organizing component to guarantee the work process, which implies that everybody works in show (McShane and Von Glinow 386).The essential methods for coordination are casual correspondence which includes â€Å"sharing data on shared errands and shaping regular mental models to synchronize work activities†, Formal pecking order which alludes to the â€Å"assigning genuine influence to people, who at that point utilize this influence to coordinate work forms and allot resources†, and Standardization which includes the â€Å"creating routine examples of cond uct or output† (McShane and Von Glinow 387).We can concede that casual correspondence is vital in no everyday practice and equivocal circumstances since representatives can trade enormous volume of data through eye to eye correspondence and other media-rich channels. In this manner casual correspondence is significant for Protege Engineering in light of the fact that their work include new and novel circumstances when creating explicit answers for every customer. Regardless of whether casual correspondence is troublesome in huge firms it very well may be conceivable when keeping every creation site little (McShane and Von Glinow 388).Now, that we distinguished what hierarchical structure implies, and that casual correspondence is fundamental for Protege Engineering, we need some more data of how structures vary from one another. McShane and Von Glinow express that â€Å"every organization is arranged as far as four fundamental components of authoritative structure†; in particular: length of control, centralization, formalization, and departmentalization (390). Further on, I will clarify these four components and cut out what this implies for Protege Engineering.The length of control â€Å"refers to the quantity of individuals straightforwardly answering to the following level hierarchy† (McShane and Von Glinow 390). Today’s inquire about discovered that a more extensive range of control (numerous worker legitimately answering to the administration) is increasingly suitable particularly for organizations with staff individuals that facilitate their work primarily through normalized aptitudes and don't require close oversight †like the profoundly gifted representatives of Protege Engineering (McShane and Von Glinow 390-391).However, McShane and Von Glinow likewise express that a more extensive range of control is conceivable when workers have routine employments and a limited range of control when individuals perform novel occupat ions. This announcement depends on the requirement for visit heading and management. Another effect on the range of control is the level of association among workers. Representatives that perform profoundly reliant work with each other need a restricted range of control since they will in general have more clashes with one another.I expect that the representatives working for Protege Engineering don't require close oversight since they are exceptionally taught †have college degrees in these fields and a couple have doctorates; in this way, a more extensive range of control permits the representatives to work in self-coordinated groups that arrange basically through casual correspondence and formal chain of command assumes a minor job (McShane and Von Glinow 390-391). Centralization â€Å"occurs when formal choice authority is held by a little gathering of people† (McShane and Von Glinow 393).Companies frequently decentralize when they become bigger and their condition in creasingly perplexing; be that as it may, â€Å"different degrees of decentralization can happen all the while in various gathering of the organization†. As I would see it, the intensity of dynamic ought to be decentralized in the considered organization on the grounds that the referenced tasks request exceptionally specific information, which can't be given by the leader of the association. Formalization â€Å"is how much associations normalize conduct through principles, strategies, formal preparing, and related mechanism† (McShane and Von Glinow 393).Usually bigger associations will in general have more formalization in light of the fact that â€Å"direct management and casual correspondence among workers don't work effectively when bigger quantities of individuals are involved†. Despite that Protege Engineering utilizes around 600 people, I expect that a high level of formalization isn't fitting in light of the fact that their occupations can't be normalized , each task is redone to the customer and has subsequently novel and new components.Another proof against formalization is, that formalization tends to â€Å"reduce hierarchical adaptability, authoritative learning, innovativeness and employment satisfaction†, which the representatives of Protege Engineering unquestionably need (McShane and Von Glinow 409). As to initial three components of hierarchical structure we can concede that Protege Engineering ought to have a natural structure since associations with â€Å"organic structures work with a wide range of control, decentralized dynamic, and little formalization† (McShane and Von Glinow 395).This structure functions admirably in powerful situations since they are entirely adaptable to change, increasingly perfect with authoritative learning, superior work environments, and â€Å"quality the executives since they stress data sharing and an engaged workforce as opposed to chain of importance and status† (McShan e and Von Glinow 395). Departmentalization â€Å"specifies how representatives and their exercises are gathered together† like introduced in a hierarchical graph of the association (McShane and Von Glinow 395).A practical structure composes authoritative individuals around explicit information or different assets, which improves specialization and direct oversight; notwithstanding, utilitarian structure debilitates the attention on the customer or item (McShane and Von Glinow 396-397). A practical structure would not bolster Protege Engineering in light of the fact that the accomplishment of this organization exceptionally relies upon particularly created items for its customers; thusly, this association should concentrate on the fulfillment of its customers as opposed to concentrating on arranging representatives around explicit resources.A divisional structure sorts out gatherings of workers around geographic zones, customers or items in extremely level group based structur es with low formalization. This structure is by all accounts exceptionally suitable for Protege Engineering since it centers employee’s consideration around items or customers and self-coordinated groups with low formalization. Notwithstanding, there are a few disservices that should be thought of, such as copying assets and making storehouses of information. End and Recommendation In the presentation I expressed that the best hierarchical structure relies upon the organization’s outer condition, size, innovation, and strategy.We discovered that Protege Engineering ought to have a natural authoritative structure on the grounds that a wide range of control, decentralized dynamic, and little formalization will arranges representatives and employments so Protege Engineering work can best be performed and its objectives can best be met. Moreover, McShane and Von Glinow offer the guidance that â€Å"corporate pioneer ought to detail and execute methodologies that shape the two qualities of the possibilities just as the organization’s coming about structure† (409). This exhortation is truly important on the grounds that the structure of an association ought to follow its methodology and not the other way around. . Numerous associations imagine that they incorporate authoritative societies when combining or getting different organizations. Clarify what does incorporating hierarchical societies implies? Under what conditions is this procedure destined to succeed? Case 6: Merging Organizational Cultures Introduction Every association has its own way of life. As indicated by McShane and Von Glinow authoritative culture represents â€Å"the qualities and presumptions shared inside an organization† (416). At the point when organizations are converging with, or procuring, different organizations the probability is extremely high that the authoritative societies vary from each other.To keep away from that the new organization winds up with two distinct societies, there should be any sort of coordinating hierarchical societies. First I will clarify what coordinating hierarchical societies means and second I will introduce the conditions under which this procedure is well on the way to succeed. At long last, I will give an end and proposal. Combining Organizational Culture The need of consolidating hierarchical societies turns out to be clear while with respect to that disappointments to facilitate movement, in light of social clash, add to the far reaching disappointment of corporate mergers (Weber and Camerer 412).Differences in culture in an association lead

Strengths And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay

Qualities And Limitations Of CBT For Social Phobia Psychology Essay Social fear, otherwise called Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is considered as one of the most widely recognized mental issue all alone, and furthermore as a comorbid issue (Kessler, McGonagle, Zhao, et al., 1994). Ebb and flow look into writing propose Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) as the main treatment decision for social fear, except if for the situation where the customer settle taking drugs or if the customer is experiencing comorbid discouragement or another mental issue that makes medicine basic (Veale, 2003; Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; NICE rule, 2004c). The point of this paper will be to talk about the utilization of CBT in the treatment of Social Phobia. Nonetheless, stress that it won't endeavor a definite conversation on the verifiable turn of events, or hypothetical structures of CBT. These parts of treatment will be accentuated, talked about and dissected where important, to fathom its common sense in the treatment of social fear. Besides, the extent of this paper will be restricted to analyzing the utilization of CBT for treatment of grown-ups with social fear however, it won't center around treatment of social fear in kids and juvenile gatherings. CBT was at first evolved by Aaron T. Beck as an organized, present moment, present-arranged psychotherapy for discouragement, coordinated toward taking care of current issues and adjusting useless reasoning and practices (Beck, 1995). The fundamental presumptions of intellectual model propose that twisted or broken reasoning that impact the patient/customers temperament and conduct is normal to every single mental aggravation (Beck, 1995). CBT is an assortment of treatments that are intended to help customers experiencing fears, wretchedness, fixations impulses, stress issue, illicit drug habits and additionally character issue. CBT endeavors to assist individuals with recognizing the circumstances that may deliver their physiological or passionate indications and adjust the way wherein they adapt to these circumstances (Smith, Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus. 2003). The adequacy of CBT has been generally tried since the main investigation on treatment accomplishment in 1977 (Beck, 1995). Westbrook, Kennerley and Kirk (2007) expressed that CBT has numerous highlights normal to different treatments. In any case, they recognized that CBT is not quite the same as different psychotherapies with some distinctive attributes. This helpful methodology is a blend of Behavior Therapy (BT) and Cognitive Therapy (CT). In any case, these won't talk about in detail. In any case, because of having been developed from a mix of both BT and CT, present day CBT comprise significant components of them both. Westbrook, et al. (2007) presents the CBT model of survey issue advancement. For example, people create perceptions (musings convictions) through life encounters (generally dependent on youth encounters, however now and again with later encounters). These can be utilitarian (ones that permit comprehending the world around and manage life issues), just as useless convictions. More often than not, utilitarian convictions grant people to sensibly adapt well to life circumstances. Though useless convictions may not cause issues except if/until experienced with an occasion or a progression of occasions (otherwise called basic episode) that damages the center convictions or the suppositions, to the degree of being not able to deal with ones positive/utilitarian convictions. This circumstance may initiate the negative/useless musings over the positive contemplations coming about or inciting terrible enthusiastic status, for example, tension or melancholy. Accordingly, Westbrook et al. (2007) featured the cooperations between negative contemplations, feelings, physic al responses, and practices as reactions to various life occasions. These useless examples lock the person into awful cycles or criticism circles bringing about the propagation of the issue. Focussing on the adequacy of CBT as a treatment, the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) rule suggests CBT for a few significant psychological wellness issues including sadness (NICE, 2004a), summed up nervousness and frenzy (NICE, 2004c), and post-awful pressure issue (PTSD) (NICE, 2005). Besides, Westbrook et al. (2007) featured the discoveries of Roth and Fonagy (2005) in their book What works for whom? a milestone synopsis of psychotherapy adequacy. This book presents proof on the achievement of CBT as a treatment for most mental issue. Notwithstanding, however there is proof supporting the achievement of CBT for various mental issue, CBT has a few impediments too. Right off the bat, it isn't appropriate for everybody. One ought to be submitted and persevering in finding an answer for the issue and developing oneself with the direction of the advisor (Grazebrook Garland, 2005). Furthermore, it may not be useful in specific conditions. Grazebrook Garland (2005) referenced that there is expanding proof of the fruitful helpful utilization of CBT in a wide assortment of mental conditions. Anyway they pointed that there is an incredible requirement for additional exploration to assemble proof on the remedial accomplishment of CBT in these various kinds of mental issue. Social Phobia Social Phobia is sorted as an Anxiety Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) of the American Psychiatric Association (2000). This issue is portrayed by persevering over the top tension and dread of examination by others, regularly joined by uneasiness side effects, for example, tremulousness, becoming flushed, palpitations, and perspiring (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The DSM-IV-TR (2000) presents the accompanying indicative standards for social fear (SAD). Checked and constant dread of social or execution circumstances in which the individual is presented to new individuals or to saw investigation by others. This incorporates the dread of shame or embarrassment Introduction to dreaded social or execution circumstances that perpetually incite tension. This may even appear as a fit of anxiety. On account of kids, the nervousness might be communicated by crying, fits of rage, freezing, or contracting from social circumstances with new individuals. The individual perceives that the dread is nonsensical and that it is exorbitant. Be that as it may, this dread and information might be missing in kids. The dreaded social circumstance or the presentation is maintained a strategic distance from or, in all likelihood it is suffered with exceptional uneasiness or pain. The evasion, restless expectation, or dread causes critical trouble or disabled working. Dread or evasion are not because of another mental, or physiological condition (e.g., a character issue, for example, distrustful character issue, a particular fear, or because of the impact of substance use/misuse) Determine summed up, if the feelings of dread incorporate most social circumstances (e.g., these may go from starting or looking after discussions, taking an interest in little gatherings, dating, addressing authority figures, or going to parties obstructing most pieces of an individual public activity) As per the measures expressed above, social fear can be summed up or non-summed up, contingent upon the broadness of social and execution circumstances that are dreaded. While summed up social fear prevents a huge scope of social and execution circumstances, non-summed up social fear may hider/limit just execution of some social exercises or commitment. As per wellbeing insights from year 2002, social fear influences 3% of the Canadian grown-up populace (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). In USA 13.3% of the populace experience the ill effects of social fear sooner or later in their life (Kessler et al., 1994). Insights demonstrate a real existence time predominance of about 8% to 12% creation social fear one of the most widely recognized nervousness issue (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006; Kessler, et al., 1994). Aside from being a high commonness issue, social fear is additionally known to have a high comorbidity, exceptionally substance misuse as well as liquor reliance (Schadã ©, A., Marquenie, L., Van Balkom, et al., 2008; Amies, Gelder, Shaw, 1983; Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, Liebowitz, Weissman, 1992). Kessler et al. (1994) expressed that while the lifetime commonness of social fear is as high as 13.3%, the pervasiveness detailed in a 30-day duration is between 3% 4.5%. Moreover, other comparative conditions, for example, bashfulness, conduct restraint, reluctance, specific consideration and shame are believed to be related with social fear (Beidel Morris, 1995; Beidel Randall, 1994; Leary Kowalski, 1995; Rosenbaum, Biederman, Pollock, Hirshfeld, 1994; Stemberger, Turner, Beidel, Calhoun, 1995). As per Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, et al. (1992), comorbidity of at least two mental issue, is additionally genuinely basic with social fear. Research has likewise shown that social fear is additionally described with a higher recurrence of self destruction endeavors (Schneier et al., 1992). Concentrating on the effect of the turmoil on the personal satisfaction, social fear is depicted as a sickness of botched chances, since its beginning stage frustrates future social movement, for example, conjugal achievement and vocation development (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). The writers of this article expressed that these people were more averse to be accomplished, have a place with lower financial status, and are perhaps unmarried. What's more, they likewise endure more prominent useful, wellbeing, and physical debilitations than people without social fear (Social Anxiety Disorder, 2006). In this way the confusion significantly affects the personal satisfaction, specifically, socially and inwardly. Accentuating on this point, the writers of this article featured that in a network wellbeing study in Canada, individuals with social fear were twice as prone to report in any event one handicap day in the previous fourteen days, contrasted with individuals without social fear (S ocial Anxiety Disorder, 2006). Etiology of social fear

MIT Regional Meetings begin

MIT Regional Meetings begin This week, MIT admissions officers will begin to travel across the United States to conduct information sessions. This week, there will be meetings in Texas, Puerto Rico, and Florida; overall, we will visit 70 cities in the next 6 weeks. You can see if there is a session near you and RSVP here. On Wednesday, I will fly to Florida in preparation for my first regional meeting of the year, Thursday night in Orlando/Winter Park, FL. Amy has already flown to Texas in advance of her meeting in Dallas, and Jenny flies to Puerto Rico tomorrow. You might be wondering, what happens at these meetings? What should you expect? First, the admissions officer and the local Educational Counselors (MIT alumni interviewers, also known as ECs) will greet attendees at the door. If youve RSVPed (please do!), youll be able to check your name and go in; if you havent, well ask you to sign in. Well have some special publications and materials you can pick up as well. The meeting itself will last no longer than 90 minutes. Each admissions officers presentation varies somewhat, but will cover the same information. Well talk about MIT: academics, research, student life, Boston/Cambridge, MIT culture. What makes MIT different from other universities? How might you know whether or not MIT is a good match for you? We will of course talk about admissions, including the different application components, the deadlines, what makes an applicant competitive, how we make decisions on which students to admit. Well provide advice and tips wherever we can. Money and financial aid will be discussed. How do you apply for financial aid? Should you apply for it? What should I expect? Also, the local ECs will introduce themselves. Theyll talk about what MIT looks for in an interview and give you some advice. This is also a good chance for students to meet their interviewer face-to-face and to set up a time for their interview. We will always finish with an open QA. Well take as many questions as we can and do our best to answer every question fully. Ive found that even students and families who dont have any questions find it interesting and helpful to hear other peoples questions and the corresponding answer. Ill be blogging fairly frequently about our regional meetings, especially during my trips to Florida and California. Ill try to post some photos, too, so you can see what these meetings can look like. Doing the regional meetings is one of my favorite times of the year. I really enjoy coming to you and seeing your city. Each meeting has a different vibe but the excitement level for both families and for me is always evident. I look forward to meeting many of you in Florida and southern California, and I hope others of you will say hello to my colleagues who come to your area.

The Republic Plato Law and Social Idea

The Republic Plato Introduction In The Republic, Plato describes the marriage festivals that were held every year to help pro-creativity. The children being born after such festivals did not have their own parents officially. They were treated as the offspring of the state and community. I think that I would refuse to participate in such festivals if I had such an opportunity due to a number of reasons.

Sexual Harassment At The Workplace - 2180 Words

Sexual harassment is among the many factors that make employees uncomfortable at the workplace. This vice is a sum of all the unwelcomed advances of sexual nature that employees go through from their colleagues or superiors. There is no gender limit to sexual harassment since both males and females may be coerced to engage in some things for sexual favours. Sexual harassment takes both verbal and physical form. Since managers are responsible for the provision of a comfortable working environment for their subordinates, they are charged with the control of their employees’ behaviour to ensure none of them goes through sexual harassment. Identifying the particular cases of harassment that are of sexual nature is not easy since different people have differing views of the sexual harassment cases. The sexual harassment cases are perceived differently by people in different cultural environments. These perceptions are caused by the difference in the way people speak, their relations, dress code as well as value for personal space. Despite the fact that various laws define sexual harassment differently, its definition in the business environment is common to all environments. Most managers seek to control and prevent this kind of harassment not only to provide a proper working environment for the employees but also to maintain a strict code of ethics in the organization. Management intervention is necessary since most sexual harassment cases are undertaken by the supervisors andShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. 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Most employees sometimes don’t even realize what sexual harassment is are when they are committing this violation. On the flip side an employee may not realized when they are being sexually harassed and when is the appropriate time to speak up. Education on sexual harassment has increased within the workplace as cases are more public and fines are getting steeper. In this researchRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1396 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #3 Sexual harassment in the workplace has always been an issue, even before women were introduced into the working environment in the twentieth century. In recent years this issue may have become more publicized than before and not as overlooked as it used to be, but it unfortunately affects people all across the nation, both men and women alike. From that fast food chain where your kid is working at, to that fortune 500 company you’ve never heard of, it is happening. Over the last severalRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1253 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace What cause sexual harassment in the workplace? Sexual harassment is defined as discrimination towards sex. It is unwanted verbal and/or physical contact between two human beings, however, in this case I would like to focus on the workplace (co-worker or supervisor). Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. 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Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This studentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 Pages Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Eva L. Mendez-Zacher MG260, Business Law I 28 September 2014 Dr. Anita Whitby Abstract I’m conducting a study on Sexual harassment in the workplace. Sexual harassment is possible in all social and economic classes, ethnic groups, jobs and places in the community. Through this study I hope to clarify the common misconception that sexual harassment is an isolated female problem. Although the majority of the cases reported are in fact male on female

Women s Work Setting Environment - 2635 Words

Women around the world have not been treated equally in a work setting environment. In some places women aren t even allowed to work, but in our nation the United States of America this is not our scenario. The scenario in the United States of America is that women are allowed to work, but unfortunately women are not being treated the same manner in which a man is treated in a work setting. Women go through a lot of obstacles in a workplace, this should not be happening at this time in date. We as a society tend to say we have grown and prosper and that this is the land of opportunity, but how can such a statement be said if women are not given the same opportunity as men are. In a work setting women tend to be paid much less the man is paid for doing the same exact job. Then because women are paid less its affects them in their daily life. Women also face the difficulties of not being promoted as often as men are in a work setting. After facing such difficulties in a work setting th ey still have issues of sexual harassment to deal with. Then, if women choose to become pregnant, they have another difficulty to face. Overall the worst obstacle and what I feel is the one that starts all of this is the challenge of women being hired for a job. The only reason why women are not treated the same is a simple observation if a person is male or female makes all the difference in a work setting.Show MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Is A Global Problem Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesare at greater risk. Statics show that African-American and Hispanic teenage women in the Unites States have the highest birthrates. Inconsistent research of young African American women is at a greater risk of becoming teenage mothers; the culture may contribute to this trend, though the complex relationships (Furstenberg, 1992; Geronimus, 2003; Sullivan, 1993). According to Trussell (1988), one out of every 10 women aged 15-19 becomes pregnant each year in the United States. Of these pregnanciesRead MoreHiv / Aids And Aids1597 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical supports, and continues researches, and more. As a result, the numbers of new infections have decreased. However, there are some questions relate to the nature of the epidemic still remaining. For instance, the proportion of girls and young women living with HIV/AIDS in sub Saharan Africa actually has been increasing in the last 10 years while gender ratio is about the same globally from the people living with HIV/AIDS. This literature review specifically examines the gender inequalities inRead MoreGender Socialization Is The Process Of Learning Gender Roles And Expectations1177 Words   |  5 Pagesmaking up 55.5 % of the United States population women hold only 19.6 % of seats on the U.S Congress, 4.6% of CEO positions (SP 500 companies), and 13.2% of school superintendent positions? Many people believe that women are intellectually inferior, and/or lack the desire to reach the top. However, these individuals are misguided in their belief about the professional and interpersonal strengths that most women possess. The disproportionate number of women in prominent positions is a result of a historicalRead More Oppression of Women in Chopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper 1246 Words   |  5 PagesOppression of Women in Chopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper    The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman share the same view of the subordinate position of women in the late 1800s. Both stories demonstrate the devastating effects on the mind and body that result from an intelligent person living with and accepting the imposed will of another. This essay will attempt to make their themes apparent by examining a brief summeryRead MoreThe Lesbian Experience Of The Early And Mid Twentieth Century Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesit was impossible for women to claim their identity as a lesbian; they were frequently viewed from the outside as sick, confused, or sinful and no one would want to be considered one. Being a lesbian woman in the streets was unsafe for them, as they were vulnerable to be followed and harassed by men. Finally, in this era working-class women were working more and had to keep silent about their sexual identity because it could cost losing their jobs. Although, by the 1920’s there were already a fewRead MoreJordanian Women in Political Parties1618 Words   |  6 PagesThe Jordanian National Commission for Women Affairs prepares the strategy and studies the difficulties and problems facing in the execution of strategy and implements it with concerned institutions. The committee of the commission submits reports about the extent of progressing achieving the objectives of the strategy, mobilizes the necessary resources through continual coordination and effective partnership between the Jordanian National Commission for Women Affairs and different governmental authoritiesRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1511 Words   |  7 Pageswere able to address controversial social issues of the time period. One of these writers was Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Her work, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, addresses the reality of gender status and roles and the treatment of psychological disorders during the nineteenth ce ntury. When explicating her work through a psychological perspective, it is clear to see how Gilman uses setting, symbolism, and personification to portray a realistic view of a woman with a psychological disorder and her treatment.Read MoreLiterature : The Mirror Of Society1332 Words   |  6 Pageswhere people express themselves with critical or arguable words. Another example of genre Noir. This type of genre has conventions such as cigarette smoking, double -cross, murder investigations, heists, female fatale and the plot that innocent men or women wrongly accused of crime. It appears during the 40s to the 50s, when the World War II just ended. Noir film incorporates crime dramas with dark images, became largely widespread during the decade. The reason why film noir was popular is because itsRead MoreThe Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Within a Prison Setting1434 Words   |  6 Pagesin cognitive behavioral therapy have proven to be effective in treating depression , anxiety and drug addictions among other things. Analyzing the techniques developed in cognitive behavioral theory and applying them to psychotherapy in prison environments can assist in making improvements in the prevention of criminal activity, rates of incarceration and safety and security of the general population. The literature shows that the use of cognitive behavioral therapy has been effective in the treatmentRead MoreProfessional Ambition And Masculinity : Professional Career Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pagestheir life and the needs of their family, by creating a balance between work and family concerns. Providing that the stigma associated with male says that they are bread winners and should be able to provide for the family s financial needs. Men are expected to be hardworking and demanding. While the females are responsible for the nurturing of the child, men often feel emasculated when the tables turn. Even though there s a change in the cycle and responsibilities o f parents, they should be available

Causes And Treatment Of Obesity - 3353 Words

Obesity has been describes as one of the most serious medical conditions that is making its way into the lifestyle of our young generation, our future. Childhood obesity has become a concern because it is this that often leads to later health problems in adulthood such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and arthritis, stroke and sleep insomnia, ( Herbert A., 2006), obesity can also affect the mind where it can lead to depression as well as poor self-esteem. There are various factors which affect obesity and overweight, but there are numerous precautions and steps that can be taken in order to reduce the chances of becoming either or both. This paper will identify the different factors which lead to becoming overweight or obese and will focus on the genetic and hereditary factors. Also, this paper will identify the different causes and treatment specifically for children that are obese or overweight. Introduction Obesity and overweight are term used interchangeably by most of our society when in reality they are different but the both imply having the condition of more abundant weight then needed in a human’s body. Being obese refers to excessive fat storage in the body. Overweight is the term used to describe the excess of weight in the body which is dependent on someone’s age, height and sex. Both obesity and overweight are becoming an epidemic especially in the United States. In the United States about, 66% of adults areShow MoreRelatedCauses And Treatment Of Obesity3493 Words   |  14 Pages Abstract Obesity has been describes as one of the most serious medical conditions that is making its way into the lifestyle of our young generation, our future. Childhood obesity has become a concern because it is this that often leads to later health problems in adulthood such as diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, and arthritis, stroke and sleep insomnia, ( Herbert A., 2006), obesity can also affect the mind where it can lead to depression as well as poor self-esteemRead MoreObesity : Causes, Symptoms, Prevention And Treatment1276 Words   |  6 Pageshildhood obesity is an enormous issue that affects the children’s current state of health, and it is predominant in the United States. Shumei Xu and Ying Xue, authors of the article â€Å"Pediatric Obesity: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment†, states a startling fact that: â€Å"Obesity affects 34% of children in the USA, and is considered a top public health concern due to the high level of morbidity and mortality.† This is a grave issue since being morbidly obese is the cause of many negative effectsRead MoreShould Obesity Be Considered As A Medical Disease?1548 Words   |  7 PagesShould Obesity Be Considered As a Medical Disease? Keeli Bao University of Iowa â€Æ' People are usually identified as obese based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). The average BMI is ranged from 18.5 to 24.9, and overweight BMI is 25-29.9 (Defining Overweight and Obesity, 2012). When a person’s BMI reaches 30 and above, he or she is probably obese. At least one out of three people in United States suffer from obesity which means one third of the nation population needs treatment. In 2013, obesity has beenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation on Childhood Obesity. I intend to first plainly explain a clear definition of what Childhood Obesity is. Next I plan on explaining some possible reasons why children develop obesity. I also want to give clear consequences and life struggles that may be associated with a child who is obese. I also want to discuss long term effects of this disease on the individual as well as society. Finally, I would like to discuss some possible treatments associated with curing obesity in children as wellRead MorePsychology - Obesity Case1177 Words   |  5 Pagesin your portfolio: Answer: The topic that we are going to test and discuss is Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which it is an accumulation of excessive to the extent of causing health problems and reducing the life expectancy. 2) Discuss the topic with your activities group, report what you learned from the discussion: Answer: What we concluded from the discussion is that obesity is much acclaimed in the UAE and it is a huge problem that may affect the coming generationsRead MoreObesity : A Dangerous Disease1503 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is known as a condition where a person has excessive fat in their body and it is also defined as being a genetic and environmental factor, which can occur to anyone from child to adult. It is a factor where people eat the wrong foods and do not watch their diet. Obesity or overweight is a very dangerous disease because it can be the leading cause of diabetes, hypertension and even sleep apnea and many more symptoms can be caused by the disease. Obesity or overweight has become, a common factorRead MoreThe American Medical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an900 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Medical Association (AMA) has declared obesity a disease. Obesity means that an individual has too much body weight that could possibly cause a health risk. Having a body-mass index (BMI) of 35 or higher makes an individual morbidly obese. A healthy BMI would be from 20 to 24.9. The United States has one of the highest obesity rates in the world with an estimated of 36% of American adults suffering from it. It is important to not label obesity as a disease because it leads 78 million adultsRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a prevalent condition in America that undeniably leads to a plethora of health complications, including heart disease, diabetes, and depression. However, while medical interventions can be useful for addressing obesity, treating it as a purely medical condition can decontextualize this growing issue. Additionally, it can support the use of ineffective but potentially harmful treatments by a group of disproportionately empowered medical professionals and industries, that are incentivizedRead MoreBody Mass Index1378 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is a known disease that is found around us. Everywhere we go we see obese people. But what is obesity? Obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat which applies to people who are overweight. There are many health risks that coincide with obesity, which makes it a dangerous disease. Furthermore, obesity is becoming an enormous problem since it is increasing drastically. About 38% of the world population is obese and that percentage is steadily rising. So what causes theseRead MoreObesity Is A Disease?1410 Words   |  6 PagesNatalie Lopez Dr. Holly Elliott ENC 1101-13186 16 December 2015 Obesity Is a Disease About one-hundred million people in America are diagnosed with obesity every year, that’s one third of our population (Carson-Dewitt, Davidson, Atkins)! Obesity should be taken seriously because, it may cause permanent damage for us in the future. Many researchers have preformed various tests to prove that obesity is a disease. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a disease is an illness that affects a

Female Athletes And Professional Sports Essay - 2199 Words

Women in professional sports fits into the Sex and Power: Global Gender Inequality class because many female athletes have experienced the inequalities in a professional sports setting. Female athletes are being put down by gender inequalities, causing less females participating in athletic programs. Women athletes are being paid less than their male counterparts. Along with being paid less, female and males are receiving unequal benefits in the form of scholarship, media coverage, transportation, and stadium conditions. The professional sport’s world is filled with the obsession of body image and sexuality. Through this obsession, female athletes have been abused from the people they trust the most. There is an increasing inequality in women’s professional sports in the form of pay, sexuality, and abuse. Twenty-seven Division I colleges participated in a study where researchers found male athletes received almost six hundred dollars more in scholarships than female athletes and coaches of male teams earned around 190,000 dollars more than coaches of female teams (Kenschaft Clark, 2016: 355). To earn almost 200,000 dollars more for coaching males instead of females, is only contributing to the sexist theories of women in sports. We wonder why so many female teams cannot find strong coaches but they are all headed to coach the men’s teams to receive more money. The U.S. Women’s National Soccer Team received two million dollars for winning the 2015 Women’s World Cup, whileShow MoreRelatedGender Bias : How Men And Female Athletes Are Treated Different1434 Words   |  6 PagesHow Men and Female Athletes are treated Different in Sports. What is the first thing that pops up in your head, when you think of professional sports? Does soccer, basketball, softball, tennis, or baseball cross your mind? All these sports have one similar element, which is that all these sports are predominantly played by a single gender. Being a female athlete in middle school and high school, I can tell you that a lot of organizations do not look at male athletes and female athletes the same. InRead MoreFemale Athletes And Sports Teams Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesPOLI 1P97 Research Essay Female athletes and sports leagues are viewed as less important than men’s professional athletics. This is because gender stereotypes are still evident in our society, which is shown in the way women are presented in sports media and that sports leadership roles are mainly male oriented in our society. There is a small percentage of female voicing at the higher levels of sports organizations, in Australian and Canadian leagues. This reflects why we need more women at theRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Women s Equality1611 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Equality in Sports: Annotated Bibliography Women’s equality is an issue that has been around for awhile. While women have been given many rights to increase equality, including the right to vote and go to college, the problem hasn’t completely vanished. One area that still sees this is in sports. Women’s sports do not draw nearly as many fans and are not covered in the media as much as men’s sports, pay differences between male and female athletes are large, and female athletes have to wait longerRead MoreImproving the Perception of Female Athletes Essay example898 Words   |  4 PagesSports have been a part of this world since the beginning of mankind; the Olympics, for example, began during the times of Ancient Greece and those same games are as popular as ever and still continue today. However, back in the very beginning of sports history, men were the only gender granted the right to participate in athletic events; sometimes women were not even allowed be in the same general vicinity to watc h. Sure, the days have changed, yet women still cease to receive the same amount ofRead MoreAmerican Athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias1301 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias earned more medals, broke more records, and swept more tournaments in more sports than any other athlete, male or female, in the twentieth century. Within recent years, women have made huge strides in the world of sports and athletics but are still not getting proper recognition for the time, effort, and talent these women have put into their sport. Gender equality is a major problem in athletics, Title XI, sports media, and the sexualisation of females involvedRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports And Women s Professional Level Of Sport1469 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequality in Sports Across the world, society holds men and women to different standards. There are precise gender roles and stereotypes that are well established. In the western world, women are supposed to be nurturers, cleaners, and the chef. Whereas men are perceived as strong, independent, and athletic. When these social norms are broken, it is not uncommon for specific labels to be given, such as being called a lesbian. Over the past few centuries, these stereotypes and gender rolesRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1591 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Is Already Enough For College Athletes More and more it’s discussed daily on whether if college athletes should finally be paid, or remain unpaid, this topic is very important because college sports are very popular in the United States. College athletes should remain unpaid because it wouldn’t be fair to the other less watch sports that don’t bring in a lot of revenue, it wouldn’t be fair to the female athletes they wouldn’t be paid equally, college athletes already have advantages and receiveRead MoreShould Women Get Paid The Same As Men1093 Words   |  5 Pagesmen in professional sport? Professional sports, as compared to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance. Due to ability to draw a large income, professional athletes can afford to make their sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to become the best they can be. Most sports played professionally also have amateur players far outnumbering the professionals. Athletes involvedRead MoreComparison Essay: Female Versus Male Athletes989 Words   |  4 Pages Why do female athletes receive less media coverage than male athletes? Male athletes dominate professional sport that airs on television. The media easily overlooks female athletes except during occasion like the Winter Olympics. The articles Media Coverage of Women’s Sports is Important (Lopiano, 2008) and Take Back the Sports Page? (Sommers, 2010) acknowledge factors that determine the amount of media coverage female athletes receive. [Lopiano and Sommers address this issue in regards to mediaRead MoreMen vs. Women in Professional Sports1502 Words   |  7 PagesMen Vs. Women in Professional Sports Ever since the ancient Greece, men have held athletic competitions or sports. It is only in modern times that women have had an opportunity to compete. Most sports still dont have men and women directly competing against one another. In the past athletic instructors adapted the rules to make sports less physically taxing for women. For instance in basketball, to ensure that girl s maintain proper decorum, they were forbidden from snatching the ball and dribbling

Just War and Pacifism Free Essays

Just War The just war theory is a largely Christian philosophy that attempts to reconcile three things: * taking human life is seriously wrong * states have a duty to defend their citizens, and defend justice * protecting innocent human life and defending important moral values sometimes requires willingness to use force and violence There are six conditions that must be satisfied for a war to be considered just: * The war must be for a just cause. The war must be lawfully declared by a lawful authority. * The intention behind the war must be good. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War and Pacifism or any similar topic only for you Order Now * All other ways of resolving the problem should have been tried first. * There must be a reasonable chance of success. * The means used must be in proportion to the end that the war seeks to achieve. The way Just War has to be fought: * No innocent people can be harmed. * No fighters or combatants can also be involved or harmed in the process. Purpose * The aim of Just War Theory is to provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations. It only applies to states, and not to individuals (although an individual can use the theory to help them decide whether it is morally right to take part in a particular war). * Just War Theory provides a useful framework for individuals and political groups to use for their discussions of possible wars. The theory is not intended to justify wars but to prevent them, by showing that going to war except in certain limited circumstances is wrong, and thus motivate states to find other ways of resolving conflicts. Information above obtained from: http://www. bbc. co. uk/ethics/war/just/introduction. shtml Pacifists are often thought of as totally opposed to killing, but they don’t have to be. A pacifist can logically support euthanasia and abortion, although they would need to have thought their position through very carefully. Types of pacifism Absolute pacifism: An absolute pacifist believes that it is never right to take part in war, even in self-defence. They think that the value of human life is so high that nothing can justify killing a person deliberately. Conditional pacifism: A conditional pacifist might be against Euthanasia, violence and war but they accept that there will be consequences that occur when there’s a war compared to the consequences that occur when using an alternative method to solve things. Selective pacifism: How to cite Just War and Pacifism, Essay examples Just War and Pacifism Free Essays Religious Studies lust War and Pacifism (l) Examine the view that some wars can be Justified. (21) What is just war? It’s the act of war that must be justified because of the considerable losses which war entails. Pacifism? The pacifist will pursue every other option a prior to resorting to war. We will write a custom essay sample on Just War and Pacifism or any similar topic only for you Order Now War actually has some advantages and can be justified; mainly It establishes peace. It stimulates the economy e. G. Weapon development, employment, reparations, rebuilding. War raises consciousness of call and human rights. It also advances technology and medicine. The Just War theory was developed my Augustine during the 3rd century and Aquinas during 1 13th century. This theory responded to the need for Christians to fight for the defense of the empire, but without compromising Christian principles, following Constantine conversion to Christianity. There are three categories: Jus ad bellum (conditions for going to war), Jus in belle (conditions during war), and Jus post bellum (conditions for ending war). Jus ad bellum has to have a Just cause e. . Aberration from oppression, to restore peace, protect the innocent, and self defense. Last resort which means after all peaceful methods of negotiation, sanctions; isolation; have failed. The legitimate authority has to approve e. G. The elected or recognized government of the land; religious authority If appropriate; military government that Is the legitimate authority A Just Intention should be present, a Just outcome as means e. G. Not to take a nations wealth is the process of lecturing peace. There should be a comparison of justice on tooth sides; in principle both sides should have a just cause and a Just intention. A reasonable likelihood of success, do not commit a nation to an unnamable war that will lead to Increasing suffering. Also, the level of weaponry should be proportionate to the offense e. G. Conflict becoming a country for a dispute over trade. Jus in Belle, the conditions during war. There should be reasonable proportion between injustices fought and suffering cause, but is the suffering worth it? E. G. Vietnam war. Considerably not World War II, conceivably so. The use of weapons would be proportionate; weapon technology changes and develops during the course of war- it should remain proportionate to the weaponry/man power of the enemy. Warfare must be discriminate, targeting non-competent, civilian facilities, medical facilities Is not Just. Jus post bellum, the conditions for bringing an end to conflict. First of all you should provide assurances to combatants about the terms necessary to end a conflict. Provide terms for the end of war and guideline for the construction of peace treaties. Prevent continuous fighting throughout peace negotiations. Also, prevent draconian and vengeful peace terms. It limits the chance of future generations, suffering, and conflict reigniting. War crimes punishment should distinguish between 1 OFF aggressor in two forms; compensation to the victim for losses incurred and war crime trials for the aggressor. Terms for settlement should be measure and reasonable and should be made public. Leaders, soldiers, and civilians must be distinguished. Basically, wars can be Justified if only you follow these principles and have a good, thoughtful and peaceful reason to start a war. T) To what extent can this view be challenged by pacifism? (9) What is pacifism? The belief that war is incompatible with obedience to the gospel of Jesus, and is superseded by the command to love enemies and pray for persecutors, particularly Christian pacifism. Also, it is possible to be pacifist on humanitarian principles without religious focus. Absolute of total pacifism is no engagement in any military activity. It’ s notable associated with the Quakers and Amiss and it’s unofficially the policy of many individual Christians. Jesus referred to SE violence and taught his disciples not to respond violently e. G. â€Å"Put your sword away, for all who draw the sword will die by the sword† (Matthew 26:52). He forgives his executioners: â€Å"Father, forgive them for they do not know what they are doing. † (Luke 23:34) This quote by Jesus was taken out of most Bibles because the writers disagreed with the forgiveness of Jesus’ executioners. Jesus could have been more revolutionary; Steven Brandon has argued the case that Jesus was a zealot. Also, religious support came from Paul e. G. ‘Do not take revenge, but leave room for God’s wrath’ (Romans 12:19); Judgment belongs to God, it is not humans responsibility. Paul also teaches submission to, not rebellion against, the ruling powers. ‘Do you want to be free of fear of the one in authority? Then do what is right and he will commend you’ (Romans 13:5). This was the pragmatic teaching in a time of impending persecution. ‘The spirit of Christ, which leads us into all truth, will never move us to fight and war against any man’ (The Quakers). Even though a war can be Justified, it doesn’t mean it is a good idea to start it. Pacifism challenges the Just War theory. No matter how it can be Justified or what kind of peace you want to establish, war is always bad. Pacifism is a very religious but at the same time peaceful and the right view. ‘Christian peacemakers†¦ Are to live at peace†¦ Love their enemies, overcome evil with good†¦ And become ministers of reconciliation’ Noon Sotto). Only the most wise and enlightened will understand pacifism and disagree with Just war. But even though pacifism seems like a solution to all our suffering, people will never achieve it because humans are too selfish and too obsessed with power and money. How to cite Just War and Pacifism, Essays

Publication in This Series about Accountingâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain on Publication in This Series about Accounting? Answer: Introduction The communications core consists of a communications strategy, delivery skills and a comprehensive communications plan. The first publication in this series about effective executive communications presented a strategy for effective communications and discussed how effective CEOs build their communication skills. This publication, the second in the series, discusses how to develop a communications plan (Bargiela-Chiappini,2014). Key Findings To deliver great business communication, CEOs and other business executives must build an effective communications core, which consists of a communications strategy, a communications plan and delivery skills. As with any business initiative, effective planning increases the likelihood of success. By formalizing a communications plan and adopting a disciplined approach to using it the quality of communications can improve over time. Recommendations Round out your communications core by developing a communications plan for your organization. Effective communications is a core leadership competency. Engage your organization in developing a communications plan to begin building this competency in your leadership team. While this formal definition of communication captures the mechanical act of imparting information, it neglects to consider the human elements of inspiring, exciting or calming. The roles of the business and the executive team will change, depending on the purpose of the communication, and the roles may include that of a steward (of information), a motivator, change agent, consultant or inspirer. A good communications plan specifically documents the purpose of a communication. It is continually revisited and refined after every communication as more becomes known about stakeholders and their current stance on the topic. When the purpose of a communication is to inform stakeholders, the expectation is that the message recipient is not expected to do anything, except to be aware. The business and executive team are acting as stewards for the organization imparting necessary information as needed across the organization or to a particular person. For example, as a new executive joins the organization, it is wise for the business to meet with the person and give the person a background or history of how business has benefited his or her area in the past. When requesting something from somebody, the business is motivating that person to do something. An example might be to have the difficult conversation with an executive about becoming a more visible project sponsor. As a change agent, the business is trying to position an effort within the organization that will require much change. For example, changes to the supply chain tend to have a significant impact on the organization. Carefully engaging the impacted organizations to appreciate the reasons for the change, the benefits of the new operating model, and their roles and responsibilities in the effort will significantly increase the likelihood of success. And, finally, inspiration is often required to help an organization engage in significant change or to overcome difficult times, such as when leadership changes or layoffs occur. The purpose of this role is not only to inspire people to stay engaged with the organization, but also to understand the change well enough to become champions of the effort as well. Communicator Stakeholder Communication is a two-way street, so the first question to answer is, "Who should deliver the message?" A message is typically delivered by peers across the organization, from executive to executive or manager to manager. The advantages of this approach are twofold: Relationships are built at all levels across the organization, and business employees are given the opportunity to build a critical leadership skill. The second question to ask is, "Who needs to receive the message?" Typical stakeholder segments include the board of directors, executive team, midlevel management, user community, business leadership and business staff. Less familiar segments, but ones that CEOs should increasingly consider, are customers and the media. A great communication accounts for the attributes of stakeholders. Understanding both the common and unique attributes of stakeholders will help effectively shape the messages to be delivered. Delivery Method Consider what the best method or channel is to deliver the communication. What must be taken into account when determining the most effective method of communication for the situation? A good communication considers all the avenues available from face to face to phone to e-mail. Selecting the right delivery method is key to demonstrating consideration for the role of the stakeholders, successfully drawing their attention and engaging them to act on the message Delivery Frequency How often and at what times do you need to communicate? Frequency should vary based on the purpose of the communication, the specific needs of the stakeholders and the type of message content. Some guidelines: In emergency situations, engage quickly and communicate frequently throughout the crisis period. After each communication, announce when people can expect to hear the next update. If the goal is to achieve a high degree of internalization among stakeholders, engage in more frequent communication, using a "build" approach. Each communication should delve deeper into the topic than the previous communication. Understanding how particular stakeholders internalize information will help determine how often and when to communicate. The more important it is for a stakeholder to internalize the information and take action on the communication, the more frequently these communications should be delivered. Measures of Success Consider the results of the communication. Are they what you expected? If the goal of communicating an business strategy was for a business executive to understand how their organization is impacted by the strategy, can this executive effectively articulate the business change? If not, then take the opportunity to refine your plan using the feedback received to move closer toward achieving the desired results. Consider applying formal and informal measures of success for more common, regular communications, and informal measures for special, out-of-the-ordinary communications. And, finally, inspiration is often required to help an organization engage in significant change or to overcome difficult times, such as when leadership changes or layoffs occur. The purpose of this role is not only to inspire people to stay engaged with the organization, but also to understand the change well enough to become champions of the effort as well. Identify each type of communication you need to deliver in order to be effective within the enterprise. Examples include the business strategy or performance success of the business organization. Other common examples include project updates or results of employee opinion surveys. Once the list is completed, look at it with a critical eye: How many items are on the list? Are there more than 15 or 20? Remember, if you are communicating too much, you may be teaching people to ignore you. For each of the items you identified, spend time documenting its true purpose. What will you achieve by delivering this type of communication that you won't using any of the others on the list? It is far better to have fewer types of communications, and repurpose or reuse them for a particular audience or in a different venue, than it is to have many communications with a single purpose or use (Mai, R. and Hoffmann, 2014). Again, be critical about who should communicate this message. While this topic will be explored more in our next publication, remember that one purpose of this process is to develop a critical leadership competency. The phrase "spread the wealth" applies here. Consider creating liaisons between the business team and the rest of the enterprise at all levels not only to build this competency, but also to create a true relationship organization. Consider every person in the organization who needs to hear and internalize the message type you are considering. Answer the following questions to determine people's communications needs: Select a venue that is appropriate for the person or group to whom you are delivering the message, as well as for the type of communication you are delivering. For example, to e-mail an business strategy with no explanation would most likely defeat the purpose of the business strategy, which is to create a shared vision of the future through the use of technology. Conclusion While larger business organizations have teams dedicated to developing a communications plan for the organization, most organizations do not. Whether you have a dedicated communications department or not, after completing your plan for the organization, develop a timeline to achieve what you set out to do. Assuming you plan on building this skill within your organization, assign ownership for each type of communication to your teams, and establish a date when all tools will be developed for the communication. Come together again to review each of the tools, and assign one individual to ensure consistency across all of the tools. The communications tools you choose and use reflect the "business brand." By creating the same look and feel across all tools, you are subtly reinforcing that this is a communication from business and that it is important to pay attention. References: Bargiela-Chiappini, F. and Nickerson, C.R., 2014.Writing business: Genres, media and discourses. Routledge Mai, R. and Hoffmann, S., 2014. Accents in business communication: An integrative model and propositions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(1), pp.137-158 Kernbach, S., Eppler, M.J. and Bresciani, S., 2015. The use of visualization in the communication of business strategies: An experimental evaluation.International Journal of Business Communication,52(2), pp.164-187 Subramanian, K. ed., 2013.Excellence in business communication. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Kaul, A., 2014.Effective business communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Kankaanranta, A. and Lu, W., 2013. The evolution of English as the business lingua franca: Signs of convergence in Chinese and Finnish professional communication.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,27(3), pp.288-307 Moshiri, F. and Cardon, P., 2014. The state of business communication classes: A national survey.Business and Professional Communication Q

Environmental Management for Sustainable Development

Question: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges you have derived from undertaking Environmental Management for Sustainable Development.2. Describe the research process undertaken during the completion of this coursework assessment for this module.3. Highlight the personal benefits and challenges you have experienced during the implementation of your research strategy and the writing of your coursework on thismodule. Answer: Reflection In this course I have learned a lot about the importance and the drivers of sustainable development. I have learned that the organizations in different industry segments should understand their responsibility towards the sustainable development (Barrow, 2006). In fact, the consumers and the society like the organizations that have the policy of sustainable development. I was pretty excited from the beginning of the course itself. I have always believed that the biggest learning is the learning from people. In this course I got the chance to learn from the experiences and the knowledge of other people. Today, I can confidently say that I have a better understanding of sustainable development. The learning from this course would help me not only in my professional development but also in my personal development. I understand that individuals in the society and the society at large also have the responsibility to contribute towards sustainability and sustainable development (Gaffney, 20 13). The research process in this research was mainly secondary in nature. In this course, I got a platform to learn from the existing researches. I understand that a lot of research is already done in this area. In this course, I got the access to various journals and articles that have helped my to develop a sound understanding of sustainable development, the drivers of sustainable development and the benefits and the challenges of sustainable development. I believe that the secondary research and the literature review is a good and effective way to learn about the various complexities and problems. In the research process I have learned that there are various ways to focus on sustainable development. It is important that the organizations should take the inputs from all the internal and external stakeholders while focusing on sustainable development (Golub, 2015). I have learned that the focus on sustainable development is a culture for the organization and it is important that the org anizations should focus to create this culture with the focus on the internal and the external stakeholders. I can say that this course have been smooth learning experience for. I have number of key take away or benefits from this course. The biggest benefit is that, this course has helped me emerge as a responsible individual. I have faced some challenges also in this course. At my personal front, I can say that the time management was a challenge for me. However, when I look back now, I realize that this course has provided me an immense learning experience. I cannot quantify the entire learning from this course. However, I am sure that the learning from this course would help me in long term. I am benefited personally as well as professionally. Today, I have a better understanding of sustainable development. I know the need of sustainable development and the investment that the organizations should make on sustainable development. References Barrow, C. (2006).Environmental management for sustainable development. Routledge. Golub, T. P. (2015). The role of education in sustainable development.Advanced Education, (4), 13-17. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I., 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), pp.305-307.

Apple Macbook Air vs. Hp Pavilion Laptop free essay sample

Not only does it perform better it has more memory and it Costs $200 less than the Apple MacBook Air. The MacBook beats the Pavilion on appearance in my opinion, but appearance doesn’t matter very much. The MacBook also weighs less, but would you really be willing to sacrifice more money for something a couple pounds lighter. The HP Pavilion may not be as attractive or sport the thinness of a MacBook Air, but the technological aspects are far greater and the cost is less. After all it’s what’s on the inside that counts. The Apple MacBook Air offers a better design in my opinion, but the HP Pavilion offers a far much better performance. The HP Pavilion has an Intel core i5 processor, which in comparison to the MacBook Airs Intel Core 2 Duo processor is faster in performance even though both have the same number of cores. The Pavilions processor also has a higher clock speed. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Macbook Air vs. Hp Pavilion Laptop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The clock speed of the i5 processor is 2. 4GHz. Which means that it executes instructions 0. 6GHz quicker than Core 2’s 1. 8GHz clock speed. The processor and the price of $699. 99 would be enough for me to go for the Pavilion over the MacBook’s slow outdated processor and steep price of $899. 99. Just incase that’s not convincing enough the HP Pavilion has 8GB of SDRAM. That means the Pavilion offers 6GB more RAM than the MacBook Air, Reducing the number of times the CPU must read data from the hard disk of the Pavilion making it much faster. Not only is the RAM much higher, but the Pavilion has a Hard Drive capacity of 750GB.

Doctor Organism and Layer Glowing Core Essay

Doctor Organism and Layer Glowing Core Essay Doctor: Organism and Layer Glowing Core Essay A COMPANIAN FIT FOR DARKNESS GLOWING CORE OF ENERGY Timeline – Time after extinction from dinosaurs, the single cell organism grows within 2 years to full size which has a circumference of almost 25 feet circumference, but evolved to a much efficient form of glowing energy at 3 feet circumference, it can also be a source of fuel, but itself produces much more energy than the sun can produce. Its heat is concealed in a tiny core. It can transform itself into liquid when fuel is needed to be used. It is also having an ability to glow at night to keep you for seeing demons or scary beings. It eats dead matter, dirt, stale food, or mosquitoes, but it does not like to eat fresh food. Later it started developing tastes for any type of food, but it now mostly functions best on batteries – Liquid ion laptop battery. It had to mate with another glowing core of energy but it had evolved to self-reproduction. Since its offspring were almost going to destroy this universe, if it had continued to do dual reproduction. The cause of th e destruction was two types of fuels were going to be united that were used as a formula for a nuclear bomb 700 times more powerful. And how we knew this, because it had been creating major destruction in the core, causing major global warming, and how we prevented it, we destroyed them by cooling them under very high pressure. It can generate many different colors. It can also change its shape from sphere to cuboid to diamond. It is mostly

Essay on social work's theory Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

On social work's theory - Essay Example roviding services (e) with most of these services located within the context of the welfare state and (f) social work is a composite of knowledge, skill and values (Ife, 1997). This has been the traditional framework within which social work has been existing, but this is becoming â€Å"increasingly out of step with the reality of the contemporary practice context†.(Ike, 1997: 12). The hitherto existing system has produced an increase in individual worker case loads, with less levels of control over one’s work while also faced with ethical dilemmas. The disparity between the traditional role that has been ascribed to social work and the reality of actual practice has resulted in critical reviews being instituted of the existing theories that drive social work and how they can be improved. This essay will examine and critique two specific social work theories (a) crisis intervention theory and (b) feminism. A crisis occurs when there is a source of stress that arises in the environment. There are three interrelated factors that are responsible for the generation of a crisis (a) a hazardous event which poses a threat (b) the threat is posed to the person’s instinctual needs, which may also be linked to earlier threats that may have occurred, thus making a person vulnerable to the threat and (c) the inability to respond appropriately to the crisis with an adequate level of coping mechanisms.(Rapoport, 1965:25-26). Dealing with crises is an integral part of social work, because it is a time when people need help. Situations presenting danger or opportunity call for effective decision making by social workers. The crisis theory states that in a developmental or situational crisis, the habitual ways of coping do not work, either because the situation is too new and has not been anticipated or because the events in question are too overwhelming for individuals to deal with. The underlying assumption of the crisis theory is that there are a number of needs, such as

Energy Sources of the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy Sources of the Future - Essay Example Biomass Biomass is energy from organic matter and is usually in the form of â€Å"clean† carbo-hydrogen gas or COH2 (Valone). Biomass is also known as biofuel and is produced from organic material such as woodchips, animal wastes and seaweed (â€Å"Biomass†). These organic components are made into oil, natural gas or methanol. The COH2 gas derived from biomass â€Å"burns cleanly, [produces] water vapor† and a limited amount of CO2, which is the one the biomass consumed while it was still growing as a plant (Valone). David Wallman patented the process of producing COH2 from any biomass solution, and this is currently used as â€Å"municipal sewage treatment† and perhaps a replacement for foreign oil in the future (Valone). The biomass power station, which operates using David Wallman’s patented process, involves the burning of the animal or plant wastes. The heat that is produced from the burning is converted into steam and this steam powers the tur bines that convert mechanical energy into electricity (â€Å"Biomass†). When it comes to availability and renewability, the availability of biomass depends on the supply of organic wastes, which are actually relatively cheap to use (â€Å"Biomass†). ... Perhaps the only environmental issue associated with biomass is the greenhouse gas, which results from the combustion of organic fuel or biomass (â€Å"Biomass†). This would naturally bring about pollution. Other harmful effects of biomass production include destruction of the ecosystem, loss of biodiversity, competition for land and food, and excessive demand of the organic matter for water (Langeveld & Corre). Wind Power Wind power is obviously another very good alternative to fossil fuel use, and one that is becoming a more popular option in the United States (Walker). At the speed of around 25 km per hour, wind power can be used to produce electricity from towers with wind-blown propellers. The mechanical energy from the movement of the propellers is then converted into electricity (â€Å"Wind Power†). Wind power is both available and renewable because it needs no fuel; therefore, it is produced for free by the wind, except in some places which are not naturally win dy (â€Å"Wind Power†). Coastal areas, as well as open plains and the tops of rounded hills are the perfect places for the construction of wind farms because of the high availability of wind in these areas (â€Å"Wind Power†). Wind power is relatively practical and cheap at the cost of around â€Å"4 cents per kilowatt-hour† and is usually put up as â€Å"offshore wind farms† in open-water areas (Walker). In fact, Ireland’s eight-mile Arklow Bank Offshore Wind Park is made up of wind towers that can provide electrical power for 16,000 homes (Walker). As to environmental impact, wind power does not produce any greenhouse gases or other toxic waste products (â€Å"Wind Power†). Nevertheless, the propellers can occasionally kill birds that

Pro And Cons Of Security Measure Information Technology Essay

Pro And Cons Of Security Measure Information Technology Essay This work requires the student execute a limited research based assignment in Network security. This work should be a conference style paper. Suggested Topics are given below. However, the work should reflect real thought and effort. The grade will be based on the following factors: novelty, depth, correctness, clarity of presentation, and effort. Students can select any other topics relevant to network security other than listed below with the approval of the module leader. In this paper student should explain the Security issues relevant to their topics and should analyze any two of the security tools/measures widely used to overcome those issues. More emphasize is given to the analysis of pros and cons of the security measures followed where a thorough knowledge/understanding of the problem and its countermeasures are gained. Introduction Voice over Internet Protocol also known as Voice over IP, IP Telephony or VoIP and it started by a small company called Vocaltec, Inc in February 1995 from Israel. [Joe Hallock, A Brief History of VoIP] By that time, it will be the first internet phone software. Vocaltec aims are to provide user to makes phone call from one computer to another computer using sound card, microphone and speaker. This VoIP software created by Vocaltec only works when both caller and the receiver have the same setup software installed. VoIP is design for deliver the voice communication and multimedia session over the Internet Protocol and it is also categorized as one of the internet technology, communication protocol and transmission technology. In simpler terms, VoIP converts the voice signal from your telephone into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. There are three types of VoIP tools that are commonly used; IP Phones, Software VoIP and Mobile and Integrated VoIP. The IP Phones are the most institutionally established but still the least obvious of the VoIP tools. Of all the software VoIP tools that exist, Skype is probably the most easily identifiable. The use of software VoIP has increased during the global recession as many persons, looking for ways to cut costs have turned to these tools for free or inexpensive calling or video conferencing applications. Software VoIP can be further broken down into three classes or subcategories; Web Calling, Voice and Video Instant Messaging and Web Conferencing. Mobile and Integrated VoIP is just another example of the adaptability of VoIP. VoIP is available on many smartphones and internet devices so even the users of portable devices that are not phones can still make calls or send SMS text messages over 3G or WIFI.[2] One of the most significant advantages of VoIP (over a traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN also known as a legacy networks) is that one can make a long distance phone call and bypass the toll charge. This integrated voice/data solution allows large organizations (with the funding to make the transfer from a legacy network to a VoIP network) to carry voice applications over their existing data networks. VoIP telephone systems are susceptible to attacks as are any internet-connected devices. This means that hackers who know about these vulnerabilities (such as insecure passwords) can institute denial-of-service attacks, harvest customer data, record conversations and break into voice mailboxes.[26] Another challenge is routing VoIP traffic through firewalls and network address translators. Private Session Border Controllers are used along with firewalls to enable VoIP calls to and from protected networks. For example, Skype uses a proprietary protocol to route calls through other Skype peers on the network, allowing it to traverse symmetric NATs and firewalls. Other methods to traverse NATs involve using protocols such as STUN or ICE. Many consumer VoIP solutions do not support encryption, although having a secure phone is much easier to implement with VoIP than traditional phone lines. As a result, it is relatively easy to eavesdrop on VoIP calls and even change their content.[27] An attacker with a packet sniffer could intercept your VoIP calls if you are not on a secure VLAN. However, physical security of the switches within an enterprise and the facility security provided by ISPs make packet capture less of a problem than originally foreseen. Further research has shown that tapping into a fiber optic network without detection is difficult if not impossible. This means that once a voice packet is within the internet backbone it is relatively safe from interception. There are open source solutions, such as Wireshark, that facilitate sniffing of VoIP conversations. A modicum of security is afforded by patented audio codecs in proprietary implementations that are not easily available for open source applications[citation needed]; however, such security through obscurity has not proven effective in other fields.[citation needed] Some vendors also use compression, which may make eavesdropping more difficult.[citation needed] However, real security requires encryption and cryptographic authentication which are not widely supported at a consumer level. The existing security standard Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) and the new ZRTP protocol are available on Analog Telephone Adapters (ATAs) as well as various softphones. It is possible to use IPsec to secure P2P VoIP by using opportunistic encryption. Skype does not use SRTP, but uses encryption which is transparent to the Skype provider[citation needed]. In 2005, Skype invited a researcher, Dr Tom Berson, to assess the security of the Skype software, and his conclusions are available in a published report.[28] The Voice VPN solution provides secure voice for enterprise VoIP networks by applying IPSec encryption to the digitized voice stream. The IAX2 protocol also supports end-to-end AES-256 encryption natively. Traditional enterprise telecommunications networks used to be viewed as relatively secure because you practically needed to be within physical reach to gain access to them. Sure, things like toll fraud and war dialing were problematic, but those were easily remedied by longer or more complicated passwords and other access controls. The age of converged networks has changed that with voice now traveling over IP networks (VoIP). These converged networks inherit all the security weaknesses of the IP protocol (spoofing, sniffing, denial of service, integrity attacks, and so on). In addition, voice quality and confidentiality are potentially affected by common data network problems such as worms and viruses. Converged networks also offer an array of new vectors for traditional exploits and malware, as each IP endpoint becomes a potential point of network entry. Internet telephony refers to communications services-voice, fax, SMS, and/or voice-messaging applications-that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call are signaling and media channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signal, encoding, packetization, and transmission as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. On the receiving side, similar steps (usually in the reverse order) such as reception of the IP packets, decoding of the packets and digital-to-analog conversion reproduce the original voice stream.[1] VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream. The codec used is varied between different implementations of VoIP (and often a range of codecs are used); some implementations rely on narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Technical review In term of security issues, VoIP encounter numerous of issues reported and some of it can lead into big loss to a company. Below are some of the security issues that discuss in this research. Service Theft The most basic thing a hacker can do with your VoIP service is to steal it. In doing so, the perpetrator can make free calls and possibly start off a new VoIP telephony business of his/her own at amazingly cheap ratesjust like the first criminal who was charged with hacking VoIP 1. Service theft is relatively easy with VoIP because the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) that is used for authentication in VoIP calls does not use encryption by default. Identity Theft Close on the heels of service theft is the risk of identity theft. If someone can steal a service, they have everything else they need to steal the identity of the person(s) using the service. Accounts as basic as utilities and as critical as financial loans are often tied to a specific phone number. If all else fails, the hacker can, at a minimum, gather sig-nificant information about the target individual(s) to be able to take the next step towards stealing the persons identity. Eavesdropping One might remember when tapping a phone required some serious instruments that needed to be installed at the right places while at the same time the person bugging the phone would have to make sure that nobody watches him/her in action. This procedure is a lot easier with VoIP. The instrument might still look like a phone and work like a phone, but tapping this phone is not at all difficult for someone with the right knowhow and tools and the wrong intentions. Hackers today can take control over several VoIP features such as voicemail, call forwarding, caller ID, call forward-ing, calling plan selection, and billing details. Stealing the VoIP service to enable free calls is actually much less prof-itable and desirable for hackers. Instead, with businesses increasingly using VoIP, sensitive corporate information is now the target. VoIP packets flow over networks like packets of data that can be sniffed just like regular data pack-ets. These packets can then be merged together to play the voice conversation in a normal media player software. Mix VoIP hacking with corporate espionage and you end up with a very lucky and enabled hacker. Vishing Vishing is the criminal practice of using social engineering over the telephone system, most often using features facilitated by Voice over IP (VoIP), to gain access to private personal and financial information from the public for the purpose of financial reward. What if you were to receive a call from your bank or your credit card company that had an automated voice at the other end asking you to enter your debit/credit card number, PIN, and other details? Chances are you might comply with the request. Better still, if you were the person making the call to your phone banking number then these chances are actually quite high considering the fact that you were the person making the call. In both these cases, a Vishing attack could have been launched using VoIP that could lead you to believe that youre calling an entity that you trust. Specifically in the second case, redirecting your call to a Visher would actually be much easier if you use a VoIP based phone. Denial of Service One VoIP hacking method that can cause significant frustration and losses to businesses is the Denial of Service. As the name suggests, the main aim of the hacker is to ensure that your organization is denied the usage of your VoIP telephony service. Voice calls made by an organization can be manipulated, tampered, and even dropped. Hackers can even flood the target VoIP infrastructure with several call-signaling SIP messages. Many times, these DoS attacks are actually a smokescreen for hackers to plant malware or even take control of systems in the background. Spyware and Malware VoIP infrastructure rests on the same architecture as a normal computer system. Essentially, the issues that a normal computer system can face are quite applicable to VoIP infrastructures as well. Top of the list is spyware and malware. Consider the example of a software application that is used to enable VoIP telephony. A user would have to run this software over a computer, a PDA, an iPhone, or such. This introduces the vulnerabil-ity of falling prey to viruses, spyware, malware, worms, and just about all forms of malicious code. SPAM Spam exists with VoIP, although it is known as SPIT or Spam over Internet Telephony. While more typically just an annoyance, SPIT does at times carry viruses and malware, just like spam. While the occurrence of SPIT is not very common today, trends definitely dictate that SPIT is heading in the direction of SPAM. VoIP telephone systems are susceptible to attacks as are any internet-connected devices. This means that hackers who know about these vulnerabilities (such as insecure passwords) can institute denial-of-service attacks, harvest customer data, record conversations and break into voice mailboxes.[26] Another challenge is routing VoIP traffic through firewalls and network address translators. Private Session Border Controllers are used along with firewalls to enable VoIP calls to and from protected networks. For example, Skype uses a proprietary protocol to route calls through other Skype peers on the network, allowing it to traverse symmetric NATs and firewalls. Other methods to traverse NATs involve using protocols such as STUN or ICE. Many consumer VoIP solutions do not support encryption, although having a secure phone is much easier to implement with VoIP than traditional phone lines. As a result, it is relatively easy to eavesdrop on VoIP calls and even change their content.[27] An attacker with a packet sniffer could intercept your VoIP calls if you are not on a secure VLAN. However, physical security of the switches within an enterprise and the facility security provided by ISPs make packet capture less of a problem than originally foreseen. Further research has shown that tapping into a fiber optic network without detection is difficult if not impossible. This means that once a voice packet is within the internet backbone it is relatively safe from interception. There are open source solutions, such as Wireshark, that facilitate sniffing of VoIP conversations. A modicum of security is afforded by patented audio codecs in proprietary implementations that are not easily available for open source applications[citation needed]; however, such security through obscurity has not proven effective in other fields.[citation needed] Some vendors also use compression, which may make eavesdropping more difficult.[citation needed] However, real security requires encryption and cryptographic authentication which are not widely supported at a consumer level. The existing security standard Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) and the new ZRTP protocol are available on Analog Telephone Adapters (ATAs) as well as various softphones. It is possible to use IPsec to secure P2P VoIP by using opportunistic encryption. Skype does not use SRTP, but uses encryption which is transparent to the Skype provider[citation needed]. In 2005, Skype invited a researcher, Dr Tom Berson, to assess the security of the Skype software, and his conclusions are available in a published report.[28] The Voice VPN solution provides secure voice for enterprise VoIP networks by applying IPSec encryption to the digitized voice stream. The IAX2 protocol also supports end-to-end AES-256 encryption natively. Securing VoIP To prevent the above security concerns government and military organizations are using Voice over Secure IP (VoSIP), Secure Voice over IP (SVoIP), and Secure Voice over Secure IP (SVoSIP) to protect confidential and classified VoIP communications.[29] Secure Voice over IP is accomplished by encrypting VoIP with Type 1 encryption. Secure Voice over Secure IP is accomplished by using Type 1 encryption on a classified network, like SIPRNet.[30][31][32][33][34] Public Secure VoIP is also available with free GNU programs.[35] [edit]Caller ID Caller ID support among VoIP providers varies, although the majority of VoIP providers now offer full Caller ID with name on outgoing calls. In a few cases, VoIP providers may allow a caller to spoof the Caller ID information, potentially making calls appear as though they are from a number that does not belong to the caller[36] Business grade VoIP equipment and software often makes it easy to modify caller ID information. Although this can provide many businesses great flexibility, it is also open to abuse. The Truth in Caller ID Act has been in preparation in the US Congress since 2006, but as of January 2009 still has not been enacted. This bill proposes to make it a crime in the United States to knowingly transmit misleading or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value [37] [edit]Compatibility with traditional analog telephone sets Some analog telephone adapters do not decode pulse dialing from older phones. They may only work with push-button telephones using the touch-tone system. The VoIP user may use a pulse-to-tone converter, if needed.[38] [edit]Fax handling Support for sending faxes over VoIP implementations is still limited. The existing voice codecs are not designed for fax transmission; they are designed to digitize an analog representation of a human voice efficiently. However, the inefficiency of digitizing an analog representation (modem signal) of a digital representation (a document image) of analog data (an original document) more than negates any bandwidth advantage of VoIP. In other words, the fax sounds simply do not fit in the VoIP channel. An alternative IP-based solution for delivering fax-over-IP called T.38 is available. The T.38 protocol is designed to compensate for the differences between traditional packet-less communications over analog lines and packet based transmissions which are the basis for IP communications. The fax machine could be a traditional fax machine connected to the PSTN, or an ATA box (or similar). It could be a fax machine with an RJ-45 connector plugged straight into an IP network, or it could be a computer pretending to be a fax machine.[39] Originally, T.38 was designed to use UDP and TCP transmission methods across an IP network. TCP is better suited for use between two IP devices. However, older fax machines, connected to an analog system, benefit from UDP near real-time characteristics due to the no recovery rule when a UDP packet is lost or an error occurs during transmission.[40] UDP transmissions are preferred as they do not require testing for dropped packets and as such since each T.38 packet transmission includes a majority of the data sent in the prior packet, a T. 38 termination point has a higher degree of success in re-assembling the fax transmission back into its original form for interpretation by the end device. This in an attempt to overcome the obstacles of simulating real time transmissions using packet based protocol.[41] There have been updated versions of T.30 to resolve the fax over IP issues, which is the core fax protocol. Some newer high end fax machines have T.38 built-in capabilities which allow the user to plug right into the network and transmit/receive faxes in native T.38 like the Ricoh 4410NF Fax Machine.[42] A unique feature of T.38 is that each packet contains a portion of the main data sent in the previous packet. With T.38, two successive lost packets are needed to actually lose any data. The data you lose will only be a small piece, but with the right settings and error correction mode, there is an increased likelihood that you will receive enough of the transmission to satisfy the requirements of the fax machine for output of the sent document. [edit]Support for other telephony devices Another challenge for VoIP implementations is the proper handling of outgoing calls from other telephony devices such as Digital Video RecordersDVR boxes, satellite television receivers, alarm systems, conventional modems and other similar devices that depend on access to a PSTN telephone line for some or all of their functionality. These types of calls sometimes complete without any problems, but in other cases they fail. If VoIP and cellular substitution becomes very popular, some ancillary equipment makers may be forced to redesign equipment, because it would no longer be possible to assume a conventional PSTN telephone line would be available in consumers homes. Improving Your VoIP The key to securing a VoIP infrastructure is to remember that it involves sending voice over the Internet Protocol (IP). So, the way to secure it is quite similar to the way you deal with an IP data network. Here are the key aspects to keep in mind when securing a VoIP infrastructure Encryption VoIP packets, by default, are transmitted in clear-text and so encryption is vital to ensure confidentiality. VoIP in-frastructures based on Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) take a step ahead of the unencrypted SIP and en-sure that VoIP traffic privacy and confidentiality is maintained. Alternatively, encryption in the form of Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) can also make a great difference. Network Design A basic rule of thumb to remember is to logically separate voice and data networks. The best case scenario would be to let the VoIP infrastructure have its own isolated network with only the minimum necessary interactions with other sub-networks via secure firewalls. Having dedicated VoIP servers with audited and hardened operating systems and all unnecessary services disabled is the next step to fortifying your VoIP infrastructure. Soft Phones Soft phones add to an administrators misery by offering another end point that needs to be secured. The ideal solu-tion is to avoid using Soft phones altogether. If they must be used, ensure that they are fully hardened and patched at all times. While it adds an additional bur-den, it is absolutely paramount to the security of the VoIP infrastructure. Hard Phones Hard phones offer a great alternative to soft phones, especially when coupled with private branch exchange (PBX) systems running on a hardened and, preferably, dedicated server. Periodic checks and updates are essential to ensure that the IP-PBX and IP Phone firmware is fully patched. Physical Security This is an often understated aspect of VoIP security. While an organization can spend countless hours and resources securing the medium of transmission, it is critical to also ensure the physical security of the enabling infrastructure components like the hard phones, the VoIP servers, and any other device that directly or indirectly supports the VoIP infrastructure. Physical security can become the Achilles heel of your VoIP infrastructure if it is not respected. Defaults and Passwords More often than not, default passwords and settings are not secure. These defaults are created with a generic scenario in mind and will most likely not fit the requirements and customization that your organization demands. It is impor-tant to replace all default passwords with strong passwords that are at least eight characters long, and employ a com-bination of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. This should be further bolstered by good password policies and robust identity management. Voice Messaging Systems and Storage One typical area that is easy to miss is the security of calls that are stored on voice messaging systems. Ensure that the voice message boxes of all users require that the password be changed each time the service is used. It might cause a bit of inconvenience, but it will also offer a mile of improved security. It is also important to secure the storage of voice messages by performing periodic checks and audits to look for exploitable holes. Vulnerability Assessments Last, but most important, a periodic vulnerability assessment of the VoIP infrastructure can ensure that no holes have emerged due to the ever-changing nature of business requirements and the networks that support them. Inde-pendent audits can often provide useful insights into the state of the VoIP infrastructure and serve as an additional piece of evidence of due diligence in the regulatory compliance armory. Make VoIP Work For You VoIP has truly been a genuine money saver for businesses all over the world and the world is a smaller place, in part thanks to VoIP technology. The security issues around VoIP are serious and very real. However, taking the right steps and countermeasures can truly help your organization make the most of VoIP. The Internet is like alcohol in some sense. It accentuates what you would do anyway. If you want to be a loner, you can be more alone. If you want to connect, it makes it easier to connect. Research Methodology Secondary resources such as journal, white paper and thesis are being use in this research to analyze and further study in order to produce this research. Evaluation VoIP Sniffing Tools VoIP Scanning and Enumeration Tools VoIP Fuzzing Tools VoIP Sniffing Tools AuthTool Tool that attempts to determine the password of a user by analyzing SIP traffic. Cain Abel Multi-purpose tool with the capability to reconstruct RTP media calls. CommView VoIP Analyzer VoIP analysis module for CommView that is suited for real-time capturing and analyzing Internet telephony (VoIP) events, such as call flow, signaling sessions, registrations, media streams, errors, etc. Etherpeek general purpose VoIP and general ethernet sniffer. ILTY (Im Listening To You) Open-source, multi-channel SKINNY sniffer. NetDude A framework for inspection, analysis and manipulation of tcpdump trace files. Oreka Oreka is a modular and cross-platform system for recording and retrieval of audio streams. PSIPDump psipdump is a tool for dumping SIP sessions (+RTP traffic, if available) from pcap to disk in a fashion similar to tcpdump -w. rtpBreak rtpBreak detects, reconstructs and analyzes any RTP session through heuristics over the UDP network traffic. It works well with SIP, H.323, SCCP and any other signaling protocol. In particular, it doesnt require the presence of RTCP packets. SIPomatic SIP listener thats part of LinPhone SIPv6 Analyzer An Analyzer for SIP and IPv6. UCSniff UCSniff is an assessment tool that allows users to rapidly test for the threat of unauthorized VoIP eavesdropping. UCSniff supports SIP and Skinny signaling, G.711-ulaw and G.722 codecs, and a MITM ARP Poisoning mode. VoiPong VoIPong is a utility which detects all Voice Over IP calls on a pipeline, and for those which are G711 encoded, dumps actual conversation to separate wave files. It supports SIP, H323, Ciscos Skinny Client Protocol, RTP and RTCP. VoIPong ISO Bootable Bootable Live-CD disc version of VoIPong. VOMIT The vomit utility converts a Cisco IP phone conversation into a wave file that can be played with ordinary sound players. Wireshark Formerly Ethereal, the premier multi-platform network traffic analyzer. WIST Web Interface for SIP Trace a PHP Web Interface that permits you to connect on a remote host/port and capture/filter a SIP dialog. VoIP Scanning and Enumeration Tools EnableSecurity VoIPPack for CANVAS VoIPPack is a set of tools that are designed to work with Immunity CANVAS. The tools perform scans, enumeration, and password attacks. enumIAX An IAX2 (Asterisk) login enumerator using REGREQ messages. iaxscan iaxscan is a Python based scanner for detecting live IAX/2 hosts and then enumerating (by bruteforce) users on those hosts. iWar IAX2 protocol Wardialer Nessus The premier free network vulnerability scanner. nmap the premier open source network port scanner. Passive Vulnerability Scanner The Tenable Passive Vulnerability Scanner (PVS) can find out what is happening on your network without actively scanning it. PVS detects the actual protocol, various administrative interfaces, and VoIP scanner(s). Currently includes over 40 VoIP checks. SCTPScan This tool enumerates open SCTP ports without establishing a full SCTP association with the remote host. You can also scan whole networks to find SCTP-speaking machines. SIP Forum Test Framework (SFTF) The SIP Forum Test Framework (SFTF) was created to allow SIP device vendors to test their devices for common errors. SIP-Scan A fast SIP network scanner SIPcrack SIPcrack is a SIP protocol login cracker. It contains 2 programs, SIPdump to sniff SIP logins over the network and SIPcrack to bruteforce the passwords of the sniffed login. Sipflanker Sipflanker will help you find SIP devices with potentially vulnerable Web GUIs in your network. SIPSCAN SIPSCAN is a SIP username enumerator that uses INVITE, REGISTER, and OPTIONS methods. SIPVicious Tool Suite svmap, svwar, svcrack svmap is a sip scanner. It lists SIP devices found on an IP range. svwar identifies active extensions on a PBX. svcrack is an online password cracker for SIP PBX SiVuS A SIP Vulnerability Scanner. SMAP SIP Stack Fingerprinting Scanner VLANping VLANPing is a network pinging utility that can work with a VLAN tag. VoIPAudit VoIP specific scanning and vulnerability scanner. VoIP Fuzzing Tools Asteroid this is a set of malformed SIP methods (INVITE, CANCEL, BYE, etc.) that can be crafted to send to any phone or proxy. Codenomicon VoIP Fuzzers Commercial versions of the free PROTOS toolset Fuzzy Packet Fuzzy packet is a tool to manipulate messages through the injection, capturing, receiving or sending of packets generated over a network. Can fuzz RTP and includes built-in ARP poisoner. Interstate Fuzzer VoIP Fuzzer Mu Dynamics VoIP, IPTV, IMS Fuzzing Platform Fuzzing appliance for SIP, Diameter, H.323 and MGCP protocols. ohrwurm ohrwurm is a small and simple RTP fuzzer. PROTOS H.323 Fuzzer a java tool that sends a set of malformed H.323 messages designed by the University of OULU in Finland. PROTOS SIP Fuzzer a java tool that sends a set of malformed SIP messages designed by the University of OULU in Finland. SIP Forum Test Framework (SFTF) SFTF was created to allow SIP device vendors to test their devices for common errors. And as a result of these tests improve the interoperability of the devices on the market in general. Sip-Proxy Acts as a proxy between a VoIP UserAgent and a VoIP PBX. Exchanged SIP messages pass through the application and can be recorded, manipulated, or fuzzed. Spirent ThreatEx a commercial protocol fuzzer and ribustness tester. VoIPER VoIPER is a security toolkit that aims to allow developers and security researchers to easily, extensively and automatically test VoIP devices for security vulnerabilties. Differences in how security countermeasures are applied Discussion The Advantages and Disadvantages of VoIP VoIP has many advantages over a regular phone service. However, like any emerging technology, there are still a few kinks in the system. However, as standards are developed it becomes more reliab